Applied Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Microbiology - Essay Example Additionally, the accessibility of the microbial genome sequences gives a wide scope of opportunities to understand as well as exploit the microorganisms present in the wine. The influence of molecular revolution in medicinal applications is evidenced by the genetic alteration of bacteria to produce an enzyme that can treat a human disease (Sehgal, 2012). For example, nanotechnology has led to the deliverance of the drug in different forms such as dendrimers, nanoshells and nanotubes to specific genes in humans (Sehgal, 2012). Development of synthetic neology will lead to the extensive application of applied microbiology in the production of biodegradable biomaterials. For instance, it is apparent that bioplastics will replace the production of non-degradable waste materials. In relation to this, microbes such as aerobes, anaerobes as well as photosynthetic bacteria with the ability to accumulate and catabolise polyesters responsible for the formation of bioplastics will be used (Garcia, Luengo, Naharro, Olivera & Sandoval, 2003). Additionally, it is evident that the development of synthetic neology will lead to the large-scale creation of recombinant organisms with the ability to synthesize bioplastics from cheap carbon sources. Apart from replacing non-biodegradable materials, synthetic neology will lead to the production of materials that will be used in the health sector (Garcia et al., 2003). For instance, the polyesters produced by the microorganisms will be used in medical applications like sutures , implants, and urological stents. In addition to this, the polyesters will be used in the treatment of narcolepsy as well as alcohol addiction. Biologic products are derived from natural (biological) products. They include medical products such as vaccines, blood products, and allergenic extracts such as allergy shots. A natural product, on the other hand, is a product of a

Mentorship in British Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Mentorship in British Nursing - Essay Example This research paper describes the field of nursing and the area of mentor contribution to development of clinical skills in nursing graduates. A mentor is cast in the mold of a teacher. In order to assess the impact of the mentor’s role in enhancing learning, it would be useful to explore how learning actually takes place. Book learning or assimilating theoretical principles are not in question here, since theories and knowledge from textbooks can at best, serve as a general guideline to a nurse faced with real life clinical situations. The ability to perform well in a clinical environment can be grasped only dimly from text book theory and cannot substitute for the valuable experience gained in a working situation under the guidance of a mentor, who functions as a teacher and a role model. The issue to consider here is the manner in which learning takes place and several theories have been presented in this regard. The mentor functions in the role of a demonstrator for a nurs ing student, facilitating learning through real life application of medical principles. But in addition, a mentor also functions as a guide for the nursing student, providing valuable feedback on the actual implementation of nursing principles as practiced by the student. On the job performance appraisals are an important learning tool for a nursing student. Feedback provided by a mentor serves as a valuable tool for the student to understand what he or she is doing wrong or right, so that corrections may be made appropriately.

Understand How to Improve Own Performance Essay Example for Free

Understand How to Improve Own Performance Essay 1.1Explain the purpose and benefits of continuously improving performance at work It is important that I continuously improve my performance so that I can grow along with the company and complete my work to the required standard. By continually improving myself I can keep myself challenged and stop myself getting bored of the job, which will always keep me interested. Also improving myself can benefit the company, learning new skills can allow me to take on harder more skilled tasks. This will help take the work load from my other colleagues. This will help the office to run more efficiently. 1.2Explain the purpose and benefits of encouraging and accepting feedback from others Feedback has many benefits when improving my skills within the office. Positive feedback can help boost moral within the office and help the employees feel appreciated. This helps to keep work standards high, and maintains a good environment within the office. Negative feedback isn’t always a bad thing; it can help to outline areas where my managers or colleagues feel I need improvement. I can then discuss with them how I could improve this in the future. This can help the overall running of the office and continually improve our work. 1.3Explain how learning and development can improve own work, benefit organisations, and identify career options Learning and development can help improve my own work greatly, by learning new aspects of the business I can help out my colleagues with jobs that I previously couldn’t carry out. This will lessen the work load that is carried out by my colleagues, which will benefit my organisation as the work can be completed a lot quicker as there are more people capable of doing it. By carrying out this NVQ I can improve my own career options. Previously I had no formal qualifications relating to the job that I carry out. However this can help to further my career for myself and for the business, as I can now apply for internal jobs that previously I was not qualified for. 1.4Describe possible career progression routes  Currently I am part of Wincanton’s agency team, Prime Time. The next stage in my career that I hope to achieve is to be employed in full time employment. If I achieve this then there are many other jobs within the company that I could progress to. If I was to stay within the admin office I could try to become a supervisor or team leader, or there are many other areas that I could apply for, like the stocks department or the finance department. However some of these jobs may not be available to me without further qualifications. I hope to carry out more of these at a later stage in my career; these could include further NVQ’s or even higher qualifications from the Open University. 1.5Describe possible development opportunities Within our business we print of POD’s for customers, this requires a lot of paper to be used. The capability of technology is improving every day; in the future the POD’s may be accessible via computers. If this was to happen I would need to develop my skills towards maintaining this and carrying out the day to day running. Another option could be to improve on my computer skills. Administration is highly dependable on technology as we use computers for all of the tasks that we carry out. In the future the technology may greatly improve this could mean that my current knowledge of the computer systems become irrelevant. A development for myself could be that I take some courses in ICT to improve my skills and knowledge of how a computer works.

Assemblers And Disassembler Softwares Computer Science Essay

Assemblers And Disassembler Softwares Computer Science Essay A disassembler is a computer program that translates machine language into assembly language the inverse operation to that of an assembler . A disassembler differs from a decompiler which targets a high-level language rather than an assembly language. The output of a disassembler is often formatted for human-readability rather than suitability for input to an assembler, making it principally a reverse-engineering tool. Assembly language source code generally permits the use of constants and programmer comments . These are usually removed from the assembled machine code by the assembler . A disassembler operating on the machine code would produce disassembly lacking these constants and comments. The disassembled output becomes more difficult for a human to interpret than the original annotated source code. Some disassemblers make use of the symbolic debugging information present in object files such as ELF. The Interactive Disassemblerallow the human user to make up mnemonic symbols for values or regions of code in an interactive session: human insight applied to the disassembly process often parallels human creativity in the code writing process. Disassembly is not an exact science: On CISC platforms with variable-width instructions, or in the presence of self-modifying code, it is possible for a single program to have two or more reasonable disassemblies. Determining which instructions would actually be encountered during a run of the program reduces to the proven-unsolvable halting problem. Examples of disassemblers Any interactive debugger will include some way of viewing the disassembly of the program being debugged. Often, the same disassembly tool will be packaged as a standalone disassembler distributed along with the debugger. For example, objdump, part of GNU Binutils, is related to the interactive debugger gdb . The some ofexample of dissembler are IDA ILDASM is a tool contained in the .NET Framework SDK. It can be used to disassemble PE files containing Common Intermediate Language code. OllyDbg is a 32-bit assembler level analysing debugger PVDasm is a Free, Interactive, Multi-CPU disassembler. SIMON a test/ debugger/ animator with integrated dis-assembler for Assembler, COBOL and PL/1 Texe is a Free, 32bit disassembler and windows PE file analyzer. unPIC is a disassembler for PIC microcontrollers Interactive Disassembler Interactive Disassembler The Interactive Disassembler, more commonly known as simply IDA, is a disassembler used for reverse engineering. It supports a variety of executable formats for different processors and operating systems. It also can be used as a debugger for Windows PE, Mac OS XMach-O, and LinuxELF executables. A decompiler plugin for programs compiled with a C/C++compiler is available at extra cost. The latest full version of Ida Pro is commercial.IDA performs much automatic code analysis, using cross-references between code sections knowledge of parameters of API calls, and other information. However the nature of disassembly precludes total accuracy, and a great deal of human intervention is necessarily required. IDA has interactive functionality to aid in improving the disassembly. A typical IDA user will begin with an automatically generated disassembly listing and then convert sections from code to data and viceversa. Scripting IDC scripts make it possible to extend the operation of the disassembler. Some helpful scripts are provided, which can serve as the basis for user written scripts. Most frequently scripts are used for extra modification of the generated code. For example, external symbol tables can be loaded thereby using the function names of the original source code. There are websites devoted to IDA scripts and offer assistance for frequently arising problems. Users have created plugins that allow other common scripting languages to be used instead of, or in addition to, IDC. IdaRUB supports Ruby and IDAPython adds support for Python Supported systems/processors/compilers Operating systems x86WindowsGUI x86 Windows console x86 Linux console x86 Mac OS X ARM Windows CE Executable file formats PE (Windows) ELF (Linux, most *BSD) Mach-O (Mac OS X) Netware .exe OS/2 .exe Geos .exe Dos/Watcom LE executable (without embedded dos extender) raw binary, such as a ROM image Processors Intel 8086 family ARM, including thumb code Motorola 68xxx/h8 ZilogZ80 MOS Technology 6502 Intel i860 DEC Alpha Analog Devices ADSP218x Angstrem KR1878 Atmel AVR series DEC series PDP11 Fujitsu F2MC16L/F2MC16LX Fujitsu FR 32-bit Family Hitachi SH3/SH3B/SH4/SH4B Hitachi H8: h8300/h8300a/h8s300/h8500 Intel 196 series: 80196/80196NP Intel 51 series: 8051/80251b/80251s/80930b/80930s Intel i960 series Intel Itanium (ia64) series Java virtual machine MIPS: mipsb/mipsl/mipsr/mipsrl/r5900b/r5900l Microchip PIC: PIC12Cxx/PIC16Cxx/PIC18Cxx MSIL Mitsubishi 7700 Family: m7700/m7750 Mitsubishi m32/m32rx Mitsubishi m740 Mitsubishi m7900 Motorola DSP 5600x Family: dsp561xx/dsp5663xx/dsp566xx/dsp56k Motorola ColdFire Motorola HCS12 NEC 78K0/78K0S PA-RISC PowerPC SGS-Thomson ST20/ST20c4/ST7 SPARC Family Samsung SAM8 Siemens C166 series TMS320Cxxx series Compiler/libraries (for automatic library function recognition)[3] Borland C++ 5.x for DOS/Windows Borland C++ 3.1 Borland C Builder v4 for DOS/Windows GNU C++ for Cygwin Microsoft C Microsoft QuickC Microsoft Visual C++ Watcom C++ (16/32 bit) for DOS/OS2 ARM C v1.2 GNU C++ for Unix/common SIMON (Batch Interactive test/debug) SIMON (Batch interactive test/debug) was a proprietary test/debugging toolkit for interactively testing Batch programs designed to run on IBMs System 360/370/390 architecture. It operated in two modes, one of which was full instruction set simulator mode and provided Instruction step, conditional Program Breakpoint (Pause) and storage alteration features for Assembler, COBOL and PL/1 programs. High level language (HLL) users were also able to see and modify variables directly at a breakpoint by their symbolic names and set conditional breakpoints by data content. Many of the features were also available in partial monitor mode which relied on deliberately interrupting the program at pre-defined points or when a program check occurred.In this mode, processing was not significantly different from normal processing speed without monitoring. It additionally provided features to prevent application program errors such as Program Check, Wild branch , and Program loop. It was possible to correct many errors and interactively alter the control flow of the executing application program. This permitted more errors to be detected for each compilation which, at the time, were often scheduled batch jobs with printed output, often requiring several hours turnaround before the next test run. Operating Systems Simon could be executed on IBMMVS, MVS/XA, ESA or DOS/VSE operating systems and required IBM 3270 terminals for interaction with the application program. LIDA lida is basically a disassembler and code analysis tool. It uses the bastards libdisasm for single opcode It allows interactive control over the generated deadlisting via commands and builtin tools. features It trace execution flow of binary It work with symbolic names: interactive naming of functions, labels, commenting of code. It scan for known anti-debugging, anti-disassembling techniques It scan for user defined code sequences It integrated patcher It also integrated cryptoanalyzer Many disassemblers out there use the output of objdump à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ lida that tries a more serious approach. The several limitations of objdump are broken by using libdisasm and by tracing the execution flow of the program. Further by having the control over the disassembly more features can be included. Everybody who has already worked on some deadlisting will immediate feel a need to work interactive with the code and be able to change it. Therefore lida will have an integrated patcher resolves symbolic names, provides the ability to comment the code, serves efficient browsing methods. The more exotic features of lida should be on the analysis side. The code can be scanned for custom sequences known antidebugging techniques known encryption algorithms also you will be able to directly work with the programs data and for example pass it to several customizable en-/decryption routines. This of course only makes limited sense as it is not a debugger. Tough often I really missed this functionality. Limitations of objdump based disassemblers Usual programs one would like to disassemble are either coded directly in assembly, or use some tricks to avoid beeing disassembled. I will here give a short overview of the most objdump features objdump relies on section headers It is an ELF executable that contains correct section headers. Tough for the OS-loader to run an ELF binary, section headers are not necessary at all. The important thing to get a process loaded into memory are the program headers . So the first common anti disassembling trick is to either drop or manipulate the ELF section headers By doing so, objdump refuses to perform the disassembly: [emailprotected]> file tiny-crackme tiny-crackme: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, statically linked, corrupted section header size [emailprotected]> objdump -D tiny-crackme objdump: tiny-crackme: File format not recognized The binary I took as example to verify is yanistos tiny-crackme objdump does not trace the execution flow I By not tracing the execution flow objdump can easily be fooled to just disassemble a few lines and stop there. This means it does not recognize any functions, does not see the code which is stored in data sections. objdump does not trace the execution flow Additionally another common trick is to insert garbage opcodes and overjump them to disalign the disassembly from the execution flow. Example: When an instruction jumps into the middle of the next instruction, objdump does not disassemble from this exact location. It will continue with the next instruction and consequently dissasemble garbage from here on. As a result you will mainly see totally usesless instructions in the whole disassembly. . Implementation Details lida uses libdasm of the bastard for single opcode decoding. It does not use the whole environment including the typhoon database. The main program is coded in perl/TK which uses a C backend for the most timeconsuming parts (disassembly, analysis, scanning for strings). Generally lida is designed to be as fast as possible (the disassembly) by trying not to waste all your RAM 🙂 lida is designed to be also efficient in usability. Therefore all important functions are accessible via single keystrokes, or short commands. This means no clicking around is necessary, you can enter your tasks directly into the commandline. The disassembling engine The disassembling is done in currently 4 (or 6) passes, default is all 6: 1st pass is the main control flow disassembly Here the disassembly is started from the executables entrypoint, and recursively disassembles the binary by following each branch, and stepping into each sub- routine. This leads in also disassembling code blocks in data sections, if existent :), so the disassembly is not limited to a .text section. Also, if indirect jumps/calls are used, the final destination is looked up in the binaries data of course 2nd pass for glibc binaries: A heuristic scan scans for the main() function and starts pass1 there (so also re- cursive disassembling) 3rd pass all other code sections This pass repeats pass1 for all found executable sections, and starts at section start. If the binary does not contain section headers, the disassembly starts at the first loaded executable address. 4th pass functions This pass scans for typical function prologues and starts pass1 at each found address. This is for discovering code regions which are not explicitly called, and where their entrypoints are evaluated at runtime. 5th pass disassembling caves All passes build up a map of the binary. If until now there are code regions which were not yet disassembled, they can be now. 6th pass remainders If pass 5 was executed, and there are still caves, they are displayed as DB xx, Definitely for pass 4 and 5 there are enhancements to come, as well as for the recursive disassembly function itself. Also to mention whenever a jump into the middle of a previous instruction is beeing found, currently those addresses are beeing marked. To follow is a representation of instructions within instructions (compare 3.1), as of course by intelligent placing of opcodes both instructions can be valid and used during the execution flow. Signature Scanning Basically it is done by a signature scanning. I quote it because it is not a simple pattern matching. For understanding that, one needs a little understanding of typical hash-encryption algorythms. Lets take for example a MD5 hash. How can we find the code that does an MD5 hash? On a very high level generating a hash is usually done in 3 steps: the init function, the update function and the finalize function. The init function usually sets up an array of some numeric values, which are then modified in a loop using the input data (plain data) during the algorythm, until the hash is calculated. The finalize function creates the representation in a common format (easily spoken; it pads the digest and is appending the size). Hoewever, it does not matter to know actually how the algorythm works to find it 🙂 Due to the common fact, that the initialization functions use fixed numeric initialization values, which are the same in every implementation, as they are part of the algorythm these are the values we are searching for. For MD5 those are: 0x67452301 0xefcdab89 0x98badcfe 0x10325476 So to find an MD5 implementation, it is necessary to scan for those dword values, of course they can appear in any order (strange enough nearly always they are used in the listed order above). Now as those dwords can exist also in just any binary by accident (oltough seldom) some smarter scanning is done: the values need to appear in a limited size of a code block. The values can be in any order, and also some fuzzyness has been added to scan for a little bit altered init values. Heuristic Scanning Heuristic scanning is not yet implemented. It is intended to find custom crypto code. Basically it is beeing looked for a sequence of suspicious opcode sequences, which look like an encryption routine. OllyDbg is an x86debugger that emphasizes binary code analysis, which is useful when source code is not available. It traces registers, recognizes procedures, API calls, switches, tables, constants and strings, as well as locates routines from object files and libraries. According to the programs help file, version 1.10 is the final 1.x release. Version 2.0 is in development and is being written from the ground up. The software is free of cost, but the shareware license requires users to register with the author. The current version of OllyDbg cannot disassemble binaries compiled for 64-bit processors.

Race in Othello and Titus Andronicus Essay -- comparison compare contr

Race in Othello and Titus Andronicus      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within both Titus Andronicus and Othello both by William Shakespeare the reader is introduced to the concept of a black man within a white society. Stigmas and stereotypes are attached to the black characters of Aaron and Othello. Although each black character has a similar stigma, the characters are very different from one another. Aaron is portrayed as evil, conniving and malevolent, while Othello has none of these traits. Othello's fault lies in the fact that he is very gullible and easily led. Aaron within Titus Andronicus is a character that is both bound and not bound to his colour. Though his actions can be "blamed" on his colour, there are two paths to follow in this thinking. First Aaron's actions within the play can be blamed on the fact that he is black and as he is black, he is naturally a bad person as black people are stereotypically people prone to causing trouble and have black souls which match their outward appearance. This answer would have been acceptable within Shakespeare's times, however it seems that it doesn't fit with Othello as the villain in that play is a white man, who's soul is nothing but pure evil. If one were going by the terms of colour dictates your soul, that would have made Iago a good man, and he definitely wasn't a good man. The other way in which one could take Aaron's misbehavior, which seems to be the more logical one is that his actions though are a result of his skin tone are not an inbred condition. His actions, deeds and thoughts are not dictated through his skin colour, but because of the ostracism and the hate he has felt through his life due to his skin colour he now has built up a resistance to the hate. By throwing hate ba... ...what similar. Though both characters have similar stigmas attached to them they are very different from one another. The reaction to Aaron can be justified as he actually is an evil person and causes nothing but trouble. In the case of Othello, the reactions of the other characters are simply a projection of the stereotypes associated with the black man. Works Cited McLauchlan, Juliet. Shakespeare - Othello. London: Camelot Press Ltd. 1971 Wain, John. Shakespeare's Othello - A Casebook. London: MacMillan Press. 1994 Shakespeare, William. "The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice" The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & |Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 2100-2174 Shakespeare, William. "Titus Andronicus"   The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & |Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 371-434   

America is Not Responsible for September 11 :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

America is Not Responsible for September 11 I am starting to hear something somewhat disturbing about the September 11 attack on the United States. I hear people in the press saying it. I hear it from foreign spokesmen and organizations. And now I hear students and professors agreeing. What they are all saying is that American foreign policy is responsible for this attack. This is not the first time I have heard it. I read this when I was researching Internet sites in the Middle East for a school project. But now I hear it in America. Well, I absolutely reject that belief. And before you start down that road, let me give you an alternative argument and the facts to accompany it. In today's world of sound-bite journalism and quick, dumbed-down answers, this is an easy solution to a problem that doesn't have an easy solution. Sure, jump on the bandwagon. Blame America for all the bad things that happen to her. We are big, powerful and an easy target. Why not blame us? Who else can you blame? Well, simply put, the United States did not plant the bombs that have killed close to 9,000 Americans in the last decade. Someone else did. Nine thousand Americans were lost in terrorist bombings around the world in a decade. Still think this is our fault? There are some good critiques of American foreign policy. But when do we say enough is enough? When do we put the safety of our citizens above public opinion in other countries? Can we not say to the world that "these are our policies, they are based on good values and sound judgement," without fear of being killed? The answer is yes, we can, we will and we must. If we do not, then the hatred of a small minority dominates the rule of law for the vast majority. Let us examine the American foreign policy that is so terrible that terrorists feel justified murdering people in the hundreds and thousands at a time. I think you will see it may not be the root of all evil. First, let us examine our relations with Israel versus the Palestinians. This is the center of the criticism laid upon the backs of Americans dealing with the Middle East for at least 40 years.

Homo Mensura-Philosophie: Analepse gegen Paralipse La Mettrie und die griechische Medizinphilosophi :: German Essays

Homo Mensura-Philosophie: Analepse gegen Paralipse La Mettrie und die griechische Medizinphilosophie (iatros philosophos isotheos) ABSTRACT: Philosophische Anthropologie teilt sich in Europa seit der Zeit der alten Griechen in zwei Richtungen: die theologische (deus mensura) und die anthropologisch-medizinische (homo mensura)-Platon und Demokrit, Kant und La Mettrie. Fà ¼r beide Richtungen steht Paideia (Lernen, Formen, Bilden, Kultur, Humanità ¤t) in Zentrum der Philosophie. Fà ¼r homo-mensura-Philosophie entscheidend ist Analepse (ungefiltertes Aufnehmen) im Gegensatz zur Paralipse (filterndes Auslassen). La Mettrie ist ein wichtiger Vertreter der homo-mensura-Philosopphie (l'homme machine-l'homme mesure). Als 'Darwinist' (100 Jahre vor Darwin), fà ¼r den das Gehirn die mabsetzende lebendige 'Maschine' ist, ist er Vorlà ¤ufer einer evolutionà ¤ren Philosophie. Homo-mensura-Philosophie ist (wie Thukydides, einer ihrer Vertreter, sagt) ein ‘Besitz fà ¼r immer.' In der europà ¤ischen Philosophie gibt es seit der Zeit der alten Griechen 2 Richtungen (Seiten , Schulen , Parteien, Traditionen ) : die theologische und die (medizinisch-) anthropologische - Platon und Demokrit. In dem Satz iatros philosophos isotheos / "ein philosophischer Arzt ist gottgleich" (corpus Hippocraticum) ist die theologische Seite zugunsten der anthropologischen aufgehoben ; isotheos heißt , dass man einen Gott nicht braucht . Klassisch hat dies Demokrit ausgedrà ¼ckt : "Gesundheit erbitten fà ¼r sich die Menschen in Gebeten von den Gà ¶ttern ; dass sie aber die Macht à ¼ber sie in sich selbst haben , wissen sie nicht ." (234) (Paideia : Sie mà ¼ssen es lernen . ) Genau dasselbe bedeutet 2000 Jahre spà ¤ter das Motto des Philosophenarztes Paracelsus : Alterius non sit , qui suus esse potest . / "Eines anderen (Sklave) sei nicht , wer sein eigener (Herr) sein kann ." Das Stichwort fà ¼r diese Richtung ist HOMO MENSURA (Maß m, Maßstab , Metrum , Dimension ) . [Im Bereich der anthropologischen Philosophie ist "Eklektizismus" ein gegenstandsloser Vorwurf . Im Gegensatz zum gà ¶ttlichen ÃÅ"bermaß ist menschliches Maß nachweisbar ; wer in welchem Zusammenhang den Nachweis fà ¼hrt , ist nebensà ¤chlich . Es geht um die Sache , nicht um Personen . Es geht um Philosophie , nicht um Philosophiegeschichte .] Homo mensura (individuell und kollektiv) bedeutet , dass "sich die Gegenstà ¤nde nach unserer Erkenntnis richten mà ¼ssen" . Kants vielgerà ¼hmter "Kopernikus" ist von Anfang an Grundlage der anthropologischen Philosophie . Das Maß ist das menschliche Gehirn , von La Mettrie "Maschine" genannt . (Ein 6./7./... Sinn ergà ¤be eine andere Welt , eine 4./5./... Dimension.) Epiktet : "Nicht die Dinge beeinflussen die Menschen , sondern die Vorstellung von den Dingen." Was uner"meß"lich ist , ist dem Menschen nicht zugà ¤nglich , so z.

The Effects of Thc, Spice, and Opiates on the Human Body

Ben Vu The effects of THC, Spice, and Opiates on the human body In the modern generation, many kids have experimented with all sorts of drugs. They are looking for a euphoric feeling that nothing else gives them. Some of these drugs have been used for medical reasons and recreational use since the beginning of man. Humans naturally are curious and try many different things to give them the high they are looking for. The most common of these drugs are marijuana, spice, and opiates. Cannabis, also known as marijuana, has over hundreds of different chemicals that affect the human body.Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol or THC is the main chemical that gives the user the euphoric high they are looking for. Along with the euphoric feeling, the user also receives relaxation. Marijuana can be used in many different ways such as smoking it in a joint or cooking it in to food or sweets. The most common way of getting high is by smoking it. This can either be achieved by rolling a simple joint or bl unt to smoking it out of a bong or a vaporizer. Marijuana has been so common for many generations that the brain has adapted to have cannabinoid receptors.When ingested, the THC flows from the lung into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream it goes to the brain attaching to the cannabinoid receptors. The most common receptor, CB1, is mainly found in the part of the brain that associates with movement and memory. This explains why marijuana affects the users balance and coordination. While THC is in the brain, it makes the user have short-term memory lost; this is why it is used to treat nausea, pain, and lost in appetite. Other effects on the user’s body include laughter, altered perception of time, increased appetite and heart rate, paranoia and panic attacks.When marijuana is ingested or inhaled the effects appear as soon as the chemicals enter the brain and may last from one hour up to two hours. If it is ingested in food the short-term effects such as short-term memory lost and coordination begin more slowly usually taking up to half an hour to an hour to kick it. The benefits of ingesting it would be that the effects of marijuana would last longer, up to four hours. When smoking marijuana more of the chemicals are being deposited in the bloodstream.It only takes a few minutes after smoking that the user’s heart rate begins to beat more rapidly resulting in the blood vessel to expand resulting in bloodshot eyes. As the THC enters the brain, it causes the brain to release a chemical called dopamine, which in turns gives the user the high feeling. When high the user may experience pleasant sensations, colors and sounds may seem more intense, time appears to pass by a lot more slowly. The user’s mouth begins to feel dry this is known as cottonmouth causing the user to become suddenly very hungry or thirsty.After the euphoric high goes away the user begins to feel drowsy. There are two different strains of marijuana, indica and sativa. Indica strains have more cannabinoids than THC. This affects the user in more of a physical high resulting in an influx of appetite, laughter and a couch lock feeling. This is when the user gets the stoned effect where they do not want to move around. Indica is the most common strain of marijuana that is smoked by the average person. As a result of the higher CBDs indica strains are helpful to those who need sleeping aid and people wit insomnia.Whereas sativa which has a lot more of the chemical THC which gives the user more of a head high than a body high. This strain is prescribed to patients who have anxiety and depression. It gives the user more of a jubilant feeling without the feeling of being couch locked. The smoke of marijuana contains of a toxic mixture of gases and other particulates that are harmful to the lungs. The lungs of someone who smokes marijuana on a daily basis resembles those of a tobacco smoker. Marijuana has the potential to promote lung cancer because of th e carcinogens in the smoke.Nowadays most companies, businesses, and schools drug test for THC. This has caused people to move on to another drug even more dangerous and marijuana, spice. Spice is synthetic marijuana, made to give the user the same high as marijuana. Most people are not aware of what is actually in the spice and just smoke it because they cannot smoke marijuana. The most dangerous thing about spice is the fact that it is not regulated; anybody can make spice in his or her own privacy. Spraying chemicals such as JWH-018 on herbs and plants makes spice.When the government decides to make the chemical illegal producers tweak the chemical just a bit to create a whole knew molecule. Spice affects each user different; one smoker may a certain way and the other another way. Spice is a rarely new drug and scientist are still not certainly sure about how it affects the human body. A few minutes after smoking spice the user have side effects such as nausea/vomiting, severe par anoia, involuntary movements, hallucinations, and prolonged headaches lasting up to days after use.Some cases have shown that teenagers under the influence of spice are unable to speak or move; they are conscious but respond to normal situations in a weird way. User who smoke spice on a daily basis have a high risk of becoming addicted an addiction, which is similar to those of meth, cocaine, and opiates. The effects of spice usually wear off in about thirty minutes to an hour and this causing the user to want to keep smoking more and more. Scientists do not know the long-term effects of smoking spice; this makes it more dangerous because teens are smoking something that has the potential to harm their bodies.Opiates have been used as a pain reliever for over hundreds of generations. Opiates are the common name for any narcotic that was derived from opium. Painkillers such as morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone are all obtained from opium. Opiates the most additive an abus ive substances in the world today. Opiates obtain their powerful effects by attaching themselves in opiate receptors in the brain and body. The effects of opiates include extreme relaxation, euphoria, fatigue, confusion, decreased feeling of pain, and decreased sexual drive.While on opiates they cause the pupil of the eyes to dilate. Other effects include nausea and vomiting if too much of the opiate is taken. Opiates attach themselves to the neurotransmitters in the brain, which control body movement, moods, digestion, body temperature and breathing. They cause to the neurotransmitter to work at a very high rate. The short-term effects can show soon after a dose and lasting up to a few hours. Regular use of opiates leads to a higher tolerance, meaning the user needs more of the opiate to achieve the same effect as before.After a time of increasing tolerance the body becomes addicted to the drug, developing dependent on the opiate to function properly. Death from an opiate overdose usually occur when a user who has been off of opiates for some time again starts to take the same amount of the opiate as they are used to and because the user’s tolerance has gone done the result is an overdose. After repeated use of opiates, long-term effects soon appear. Most addicts who have been using for a long time seem to just ignore their health because they are only concerned about obtaining the opiate.Longtime users may develop collapsed veins, infection in their heart and valves, and liver disease. Due to the fact that opiates decrease reparation rate, pneumonia may occur in longtime users due to respiratory depression and the poor health of the user. When trying to stop the use of opiates, the withdrawal is very dangerous and painful. Withdrawl symptoms can occur as soon as a few hours after the last does. Symptoms include intense craving for the opiate, restlessness, body pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, and cold flashes.

Comment of the effectiveness to the novel Essay

There are many stories conveyed in chapter 3, some stories are more prominent than others. The most obvious story is that of Joe’s, as he is the narrator of the novel. Joe’s story follows one that is direct to his perception. This presents the reader with a biased account of what happened, and each character’s behaviour as it is based primarily on Joe’s interpretation. Following on from this idea , there is a sense of scepticism introduced into the reader’s mind, it casts seeds of doubt on the story Joe is telling, it makes it seem distorted through Joe. In chapter 3 the reader is introduced to a primitive, or selfish aspect to Joe’s nature, this is presented through the referral to Joe’s needs, not Clarissa’s or anyone else’s but simply Joe’s, â€Å"I couldn’t yet bear to talk about it†. Through Joe’s story many others are told, those of his past and the present and these stories engulf the reader into how McEwan incorporates characters, informs of their life and background, while doing this creatively, subtly. Joe tells a story of his past, a story of humiliation and nervousness, this story is full of emotions, it re-emphasises the detachment Joe has made from his emotions over the years, or rather that if an event occurs at the present, emotions are stripped away from it, until it becomes bearable, and therefore in the past. Clarissa has been in the background of the story, only becoming important through Joe’s thoughts, now however she becomes a focal point in chapter 3. This is captured in the commentary or Joe and Clarissa throughout the duration of the chapter, Joe is the narrator, therefore the other crux of the chapter is clearly Clarissa. Clarissa is described to be doing the necessary practical things at the beginning of this chapter, as is Joe, such as they are doing jobs that must be done when returning home, â€Å"Clarissa carried her luggage into the bedroom† . Joe initially separates his story from Clarissa’s, giving her more focus and also detachment from him, his guilt and therefore emotions. Clarissa is portrayed from the opening of the novel to be a character able to feel and understand her emotions, contrastingly to Joe’s nature. Clarissa is a character who forms attachments, due to her emotional and caring attributes, that exist as part of her. Clarissa is haunted by the tragedy that she cannot have children, this provides the reader with a sense of sympathy for Clarissa, it also uncovers another element of Clarissa’s background. This can be transferred to the way in which Clarissa focuses on the death of Logan, and his children being left alone. This element of the novel creates scepticism for both Joe and Clarissa, The reader doubts Joe’s ability to be unbiased, while the reader is sceptical of Clarissa’s ability to control and segment her emotions, what is extended in this idea is that Clarissa blames Joe for her inability to have children, she resents him for not giving her the one thing that lingers in her mind, the one thing the two of them together cannot overcome. This is depicted in the novel through the repetition and reference to Logan being a good man, â€Å"He had children of his own, He wouldn’t let go†. This phrase used by McEwan can infer that Clarissa thinks Joe is not a â€Å"good man† because he let go of the rope, and this is due to him not having an emotional attachment to children, as they cannot have any together. Within the two main stories, that are Joe and Clarissa’s there come sub-stories, tales that reiterate and construct experiences for the characters. Within Joe’s story we receive Clarissa’s but also Jed’s. Jed is depicted as that of a manipulative yet religious man, although in chapter 3 the reader is only building knowledge of him, it is clear that Jed ultimately indulges a new story. Cotrastingly Clarissa brings in the story of a friend, someone she knows and trusts, Majorie becomes introduced to the story as a friend of Clarissa’s who lost a young baby through a bacterial infection, while this increases the wealther of knowledge of Clarissa, it also provides the information of Majorie. The combination of Joe and clarissa’s stories result in background tales of Logan, and his family. While they also divulege into their past, their experiences, Joe’s interlude of playing a trumpet on stage, a story of humiliation and embarrassment. Clarissa’s story of conern, anticipation and childhood naivety developed through the channel of a girl going missing whilst on holiday.

Speaking Out About Malt

Speaking Out about Malt Case 8. 3 Page 404-405, Moral Issues in Business The case of Whitewater Brewing and Mary Davis touches upon several views and moral issues that are not specifically black or white. Case 8. 3 specifically deals with a business called Whitewater Brewing Co. Whitewater Brewing, as its name sounds, is a manufacturer of alcoholic refreshments, selling its brands to various consumers. The article in particular focuses upon a specific Whitewater product, Rafter. Rafter is being targeted to match other similar products that are bottled in a 40 ounce size. The unfortunate part is that these 40 ounce size refreshments are not only popular with inner-city teenagers but in the area where Whitewater sells these 40 ounce products there is already a community alcohol related problem. Whitewater is not in foreign territory, numerous other companies already have sold similar products in the same area targeting the same clientele. More importantly due to its popularity this product produces good revenue for Whitewater. Enter into this scenario an employee of Whitewater Brewing Co. , Mary Davis, an Associate Vice President. Mary has decided to further her education and is attending a course at an outside school, with her husband who was pursuing his MBA. My intention is to try to determine whether or not Mary or Whitewater were following any ethical practices, determine why they made the choices they did, and to attempt to determine if there is any validity to their reasoning. Mary begins working on a term project studying the making of wine and beer. Research shows Mary that several companies’ market products that are high alcohol based and sold at a very low price point, and not considered a premium product, strictly to satisfy a specific market niche. As Mary’s investigations continue she begins to insert her own feelings and viewpoints into her findings and her paper become a reflection of her personal viewpoints, and not necessarily those of her employer. For the opposite side of the case Whitewater Brewing is basically working like it should; trying to maximize profits for its shareholders marketing products to satisfy consumer needs. In this case, that need is a malt liquor sold in 40 ounce containers and targeted to specific customers. This is nothing new, as other businesses are already in this market. The one caveat here is that none of the companies markets their malt liquors under their name; almost to distance themselves from the negative social implications resulting from the sales of malt liquors, specifically to this target audience. Separately and apart neither Mary Davis or Whitewater marketing products would have been a â€Å"Case 6. 3† were it not for the fact Mary Davis IS an employee of Whitewater. More so it never would have bubbled to the surface had Mary Davis done what she did; which was to ultimately write an article for a paper discussing her personal views on malt liquors wherein she states, again her views, as to the social responsibilities of businesses that produce malt liquors. In stating her personal opinions Mary now has pitted herself again the views of the business. Because Mary’s article is viewed negatively by Whitewater, the CEO of Whitewater fears the article will have a negative impact to profits and to the product(s) they sell. They also feel this could lead to legislation that would ultimately result is direct product loss and loss of revenue. These would be fairly legitimate concerns for any business, in my opinion. So if a socially responsible company produces bad products are they bad? One can argue especially in the case of liquor manufacturers that there is heavy investment to provide a product that is intended for good use and that they aggressively help to pass legislation helping to address those who use their products in a negative manner. So morally and ethically Whitewater, in my opinion, is doing what they are intended to do. Specifically they are trying to make money, and to do so in an ethical manner. No company can be wholly responsible, in every circumstance (but in a specific few), for the immoral or unethical behavior of others utilizing their products. Ralph Jenkins, CEO of Whitewater, writes to Mary Davis to express the company’s views on her behavior and to ask her to first clear all further comments (regarding her personal views on liquor production) with the business. Mary feels this to be an invasion of her right to free speech. Additionally Mary informs Ralph Jenkins that she seeks to pursue her article further and even speak at an engagement about her views (personal ones). Mr. Jenkins remains adamant that Mary adhere to his requests further escalating things to state she can either comply or resign. So does Davis have a moral right to free speech in the workplace, or can Whitewater determine the extent to her ‘free’ speech? Also what would Davis’s best path ethical path be? The second is the easiest to answer so I will do that now. Davis could simply put resign, enabling her to champion her beliefs and become a martyr for her cause, as it were. As for the first question the answer is not a simple clear cut one, and ultimately will be an individual one. Currently there is already legal precedent that allows companies to require employees not to â€Å"act or speak disloyally†. Take the following case: In Korb v. Raytheon, 574 N. E. 2d 370, 410 Mass. 581 (1991), Raytheon terminated Lawrence Korb after receiving complaints of his public involvement in an anti-nuclear proliferation nonprofit known as the Committee for National Security (CNS) and his advocacy of reduced defense spending. On February 26, 1986 The Washington Post ran an article describing Korb's speech at a press conference held the day prior as â€Å"critical of increased defense spending. † Following the publication of the article, several military officials â€Å"expressed their disapproval† of Korb's comments. [77] Despite writing a letter of retraction which ran in The Washington Post, Raytheon terminated Korb's position after it continued to receive â€Å"Navy, Air Force, and Armed Services Committee objections. [78] In adjudicating Korb's claim of wrongful discharge, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts found â€Å"no public policy prohibiting an employer from discharging an ineffective at-will employee. † His claim under the State Civil Rights Act was dismissed as well. In affirming the lower court’s decision to dismiss, Justice Abrams wrote: â€Å"Although Korb has a secured right to speak out on matters of public concern, and he has a right to express view s with which Raytheon disagrees, he has no right to do so at Raytheon's expense. [79] The above article shows one perspective of the courts on this matter. Furthermore Mary Davis needed to be sure her personal opinions could withstand the scrutiny of being challenged for slander, unless there was very strong specific data supporting her views. Despite Mary’s strong personal views, even if validated, she is in conflict by the very nature of working for Whitewater and having such strong personal views. She may have morally sound arguments about liquor products but she is ethically wrong then for working in the liquor industry. My view is that Mary’s intent, though ethically sound, is still less ethical than that of Whitewater. Mary attempts to peanut butter spread the first amendment right to free speech across the board, when in fact Whitewater too has rights and expectations within the first amendment. While Mary is entitled to do as she chooses outside of work; there are limitations when her choices can have specific negative impacts to her employer. And for these impacts she can be held accountable legally, despite her moral righteousness. In conclusion there is no clear path to moral righteousness and ethical behavior. What I feel is important is that in the end we can do either in a manner that withstands legal implication (much of it already established) and exercise our own personal moral conviction in a manner that does not leave us conflicted. QUESTIONS FROM THE BOOK. 1. Do you think Mary Davis acted irresponsibly or disloyally? I don’t believe at the time Mary Davis intended to act irresponsibly or disloyally; however Mary should have thought more about the big picture and talked with her management first about her intentions. This is a particularly tough issue; as this does touch upon the right to free speech. Depending upon what sort of agreement the company has with Mary would speak volumes as to her ‘rights’ outside of work and expectations as to how she is expected portray her company. Mary also should have known that media sensationalism is what they are in business for. Her views were liable for their interpretation and hence liable to be misconstrued or mis-utilized; as they were. Does Whitewater have a legitimate concern about her speaking out on this issue? Mary’s concern is legitimate; of that there is no doubt. However as an emissary of her company she is responsible both inside work and outside work to present an image of her company that is positive. Or she could choose to work elsewhere. If Mary were to choose her moral high ground and leave the company she would be commended for her actions that follow her beliefs. Does the company have a right to abridge her freedom of expression? The company does have some right to abridge her freedom; particularly if they have a company handbook which specifies their expectations (within reason). Mary’s views and activities outside of work have no real concern to her company; but ethically Mary is working in an industry where serving liquor is the nature of business. These companies often display and rely on laws and policies to inflict rules regarding consumption and abuse. That individuals abuse their products is really not completely their fault. Ethically they are trying to be responsible and they are after all in the business to sell and make a profit. 2. Is your answer to question 1 affected by whether you agree or disagree with the views Mary Davis expressed? I think for the zealots on either side of the spectrum individual views would impact whether they agreed or disagreed with Mary Davis. However, it is my belief that you need not side nor disagree with Mary to realize that her behavior and that of Whitewater brewing are dealing with ethical grey matter. The company has rights as much as Mary does; and each can make choices that would resolve this conflict. Mary can leave Whitewater and then no longer be under their scrutiny or Whitewater can have specific policies on expected behavior that reflects the company position. Communication is at the core of the problem. If either side had communicated among themselves could have avoided this situation; and who knows; perhaps Whitewater being community responsible may have given Mary a different tact to utilize that would have made her and Whitewater happy. 3. Should there be any limits on an employee’s freedom of expression? If not, why? If so, under what circumstances is a company justified in restricting an employee’s right to speak out? This is a tenuous issue as there are already many amendments to current laws of free speech. I understand that businesses have a right to ensure viability and employee comments can adversely affect them. I think so long as there is clear communication up front about business policies regarding this and that they are communicated regularly and clearly then it becomes a buyer/employee beware situation. Again within reason individuals should still be able to express themselves; particularly when there is no direct verbiage that is specific about a business. I am an opponent to a business screening by Facebook etc as what a person does on their time does not necessarily prove they would be bad at work. Statistics aside we all know you can make data to support whatever view you want today. The bigger question is the legal one; and companies basically in my opinion wield a heavy sword (meaning they have deep pockets for legal issues) to drive their views and challenge you to dispute them. So one question we should be asking is once hired by a business â€Å"Are you now their property which can be used in any way, and discarded when no longer needed? † After all, today one can be dismissed without cause, employee at will. Take for instance the following article:http://www. bs2. com/freespch. htm The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution establishes freedom of speech in the USA. There are several major limitations on this freedom: Only the government is prohibited from restricting speech. Private corporations are free to censor speech of their employees. Freedom of speech is not absolute, even when government regulation or law is concerned. For  example, freedom of speech does not give one the right to commit perjury. See the beginning of my essay on infotorts for more examples. Since 1977, the U. S. Supreme Court has retreated from protecting freedom of speech even for government employees, as explained in my separate essay. Fundamentally, an at-will employee in the USA can be terminated at any time, and for any reason – or  no  reason  at  all – and the courts will not intervene to protect the ex-employee from allegedly unfair treatment by the employer. Courts have repeatedly recognized that â€Å"any  reason† includes a â€Å"morally  wrong† or â€Å"morally  reprehensible† reason. I  have briefly discussed the history of at-will employment in the USA and criticism of this doctrine in a separate essay. The combination of: o legal protection for freedom of speech of employees of for-profit and non-profit corporations and other non-governmental employers, and the freedom of employers to terminate employment at any time, for any reason means that employees in private industry have no legal rights to freedom of speech. (end of art icle) The case presentation doesn’t specify whether the newspaper article identified Mary Davis as an employee of Whitewater. Is that a relevant issue? Whether Mary Davis was identified or not is not necessarily relevant. Once stated, today there should be an assumption that someone, anyone, can ultimately determine ownership. This is especially true if the information is anything but verbal and has been recorded in any way, manner, or form. Does it matter what position in the company Mary Davis holds? To a degree the fact that Mary Davis is high up in the corporate chain bears a more significant impact. In a higher position Mary is more an emissary of the business and as such expected more to promote the business image. However despite her position as an employee of a business she is bound to the requirements of that business, especially once specified to her. Or she can choose to follow her conscience and resign. . What do you think Mary Davis ought to do? Clearly Mary Davis should resign; or fold to the demands of her boss and refrain while employed by Whitewater from expressing her personal views on any liquor related issues. What moral considerations should she weigh? Mary simply needs to weigh what is important to her; her work, money, job and family stability or her moral considerations and the poss ibility that she would need to shift employment in order to not have direct involvement in an industry she believes to be practicing unethical behavior. Does she have conflicting obligations? Mary does have conflicting obligations. If so what are they? They are her obligations to survival, money, job stability, employment, etc. On the other side is her obligation to her conscience and her moral beliefs, particularly the one that is contrary to the production and sale of malt liquor to individuals (specific individuals). 5. Is the company right to be worried about what Mary Davis writes or says, or is the board of directors exaggerating the potential harm to Whitewater of her discussing these issues? The company is totally right to be worried about Mary Davis. There is many a story about David and Goliath where a single individual toppled a business based upon their personal beliefs. 6. Assume a CEO like Ralph Jenkins is legitimately worried that an employee is making damaging statements about the company. How should the CEO handle the situation? My opinion is that the CEO would need to sit with the employee and state the business doctrine as it were. Next would be to ask open ended questions to see if there was an option where both needs could be met satisfactorily without any negative repercussions to either party involved. Is discharge or some sort of discipline called for? Initially, discharge or discipline may not be called for; unless policies had been clearly stated beforehand. Should the company adopt a formal policy regarding employee speech? All companies should have formal policies regarding employee speech. Moreover these should be communicated in plain simple language and reiterated yearly to ensure everyone remains cognizant of the policies. If so, what policy would you recommend? I recommend a policy that is developed with the individuals at all levels of the business to ensure varied concerns are addressed and the needs of the business (their viewpoint) is clearly understood. Works Cited Customer, A. â€Å"Amazon. com: Moral Issues in Business (9780495007173): William H. Shaw, Vincent Barry: Books. † Amazon. com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & More. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"First Amendment to the United States Constitution. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Freedom of Speech. † Dr. R. Standler's Professional Homepage. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. ;http://www. rbs2. com/freespch. htm;.

Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt Disappears

Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt Disappears He might have been eaten by a shark. Or maybe he was assassinated by secret agents from the Soviet Union. Of course, he could have possibly been picked up by a Chinese submarine. Others have said that he might have committed suicide or been picked up by a UFO. Such were the rumors and conspiracy theories that ran rampant after Harold Holt, Australias 17th Prime Minister, disappeared on December 17, 1967. Who Was Harold Holt? Liberal Party leader Harold Edward Holt was only 59 years old when he went missing and yet he had already served a lifetime in service to Australias government. After having spent 32 years in Parliament, he became Australias prime minister in January 1966 on a platform that supported United States troops in Vietnam. However, his tenure as prime minister was very short; he had been prime minister for only 22 months when he went for a fateful swim on December 17, 1967. A Short Vacation On December 15, 1967, Holt finished up some work in Canberra and then flew to Melbourne. From there he drove to Portsea, a beautiful resort town where he had a vacation home. Portsea  was one of Holts favorite places to relax, to swim, and to spearfish.    Holt spent Saturday, December 16 visiting with friends and family. Sunday, December 17s plan was to be similar. In the morning, he had an early breakfast, played with his granddaughter, and gathered some friends to watch a vessel arrive from England and go for a short swim. The afternoon was to include a barbecue lunch, spearfishing, and an evening event. Holt, however, disappeared around midday. A Short Swim in Rough Seas Around 11:30 a.m. on December 17, 1967, Holt met four friends at a neighbors house and then went with them to the military Quarantine Station, where they were all waived through the security checkpoint. After watching a ship pass through the Heads, Holt and his friends drove over to Cheviot Bay Beach, a beach that Holt often frequented.   Stepping away from the others, Holt changed into a pair of dark swim trunks behind an outcropping of rocks; he left on his sand shoes, which were missing laces. Despite the high tide and rough waters,  Holt went into the ocean for a swim. Perhaps he had become complacent about the dangers of the ocean since he had a long history of swimming at this location or perhaps he didnt realize quite how rough the water really was that day. At first, his friends could see him swimming. As the waves grew more ferocious, his friends soon realized that he was in trouble. They shouted at him to come back, but the waves kept him away from the shore. A few minutes later, they had lost him. He was gone. A monumental search and rescue attempt was launched, but the search was eventually called off without ever having found Holts body. Two days after he went missing, Holt was presumed dead and a funeral service was held for him on December 22. Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, and many other heads of state attended Holts funeral. Conspiracy Theories Although conspiracy theories still abound surrounding Holts death, the most  likely cause of his death was the bad sea conditions. Quite possibly his body was eaten by sharks (a nearby area is known to be shark territory), but it is just as likely  that the extreme undertow took his body out to sea. However, since his body was never found, conspiracy theories continue to spread about Holts mysterious disappearance. Holt was the third Australian Prime Minister to die in office but is best remembered for the unusual circumstances surrounding his death.

Current Issues and Traditions Among the World’s Major Religions Essay Example

Current Issues and Traditions Among the World’s Major Religions Essay Example Current Issues and Traditions Among the World’s Major Religions Essay Current Issues and Traditions Among the World’s Major Religions Essay Essay Topic: Current Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are three of the leading religions in the world today. As of 2007, it was found that 13.2 million of the total world population believe in Judaism (Jewish People Policy Planning Institute). Islam is said to be the second largest religion right after Christianity, with about one to 1.8 billion population (Number of Adherents). Meanwhile, the Christian population continuously occupies one- third of the total world population with over two billion believers   (Hinnels, p.441). Aside from being major world religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all Abrahamic or monotheist religion.Being with the largest population, Christianity is often subjected to controversies. Nowadays, two of the greatest issues it faces are the topics on the failure of the Christian priests and the question on the involvement of Christian religion in the affairs of the State. The first issue can be illustrated through the various reports on incidences of priest malpractic es and abuse. The most recent one was the claim of a 24-year old man being sexually abused by a priest in Boston. There also have been reports of rape among children against three priests in Hong Kong. Aside from this, reports of priests getting married are putting the credibility of the Christian priests in question. In addition, the issue regarding the Christian Church meddling with the affairs of the government is still a hot issue today. In most Catholic countries, the role of the Church is often being questions as impeding the affairs of the government. In the Philippines, for example, a bill on divorce is being impeded by the Church’s strong opposition against it. The Philippine Catholic Church, on the other hand, refuses that it controls any affairs of the government, but simply states its stand regarding divorce.Islam, on the other hand, also faces current issues regarding the perception of its members and its being associated to terrorism. Muslims are sometimes discr iminated because of their look and the way they dress, beliefs and practices, and most of the time, stereotypes. Many people contest their way and logic of marriage, where a man can have as many wife and children as he can as long as he is capable of providing them a good life. For example, in France, the government has imposed a ban that legally prohibits the use of noticeable religious symbols in public schools, including the hijab or the Muslims headscarvers worn by women. This discrimination goes even further when some Muslim begins being associated with terrorism. Osama bin- Laden and Saddam Hussein are two of the men who said to be involved in terrorism attacks and political killings. This made the image of the Muslims appears dirty in the perceptions of the people all throughout the world.   Right now, the most wanted terrorist groups are Islamic-based such as Al Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf, Jimaah Islamiyah, and Harakat ul-Mujahidin. The terrorist activities of the said groups and a like are contributing to the big challenge the Muslim community faces regarding their identity and religion.Judaism, perhaps, holds the greatest challenges when it comes to discrimination. Even before the years in the past, Judaism was criticized for its beliefs and practices that led to some of the most horrible and fearful mass killings in the history. Right now, discrimination among Jews is still rampant. Although killings of Jews are no overt as compared to the past years, discrimination is still considered as one of the things Judaism wanted to eradicate for its members. The religion is continuously struggling because of the issue on anti-Semitism where Jews are perceived differently due to their beliefs, mythology, folklore, culture, etc. that cause incidences of death. In addition, the Jews also face the challenge of terrorism as some of the religion’s members are associated to several terrorist groups, just like the Muslims. Because of this, the threat in the life and security of the Jews increases. Just this year, there have been four reported incidences of terrorist attacks in Israel. Most of these incidences are not only bounded by political reasons but religion-based as well. An example of a political-driven party is Kach and Kahane Chan that is now being considered a terrorist group.TraditionsEaster Sunday and the Vatican City are two entities relevant in the Christian tradition. Regarded as the most important day of the church year, Easter Sunday is a spring festival that commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Easter determines the all the Christian feasts and liturgical year of worship. It is preceded by the season of Lent, a 40-day repentance and fasting stretching up to Holy Week. The Vatican City, on the other hand, suggests a powerful place for the Christians. Officially the State of the Vatican City, it is the world’s smallest state that is being ruled by the Pope- the Bishop of Rome. The Pope is regarded as the most p owerful figure in the Roman Catholic Church. Islam is known for its Ramadan and hijab. The former is a yearly traditional practice of the Muslims which involves fasting, praying of the Qu’ran, charity, and self- accountability every ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which is also called Ramadan. This religious observation is considered as the most blessed month of the year. Hijab, on the other hand, plays an important role in the Islam tradition as it serves as a religious dress for Muslims. Hijab is referred in Qu’ran not as a mere clothing article but a spatial curtain aiming to provide or divide privacy. Finally, Shabbat and the Star of David are considered sacred in the Judaism tradition. Shabbat is the seventh day of the week and considered by Jews as a commemoration of God’s creation of the earth. It was regarded as the most important holy day in the Jewish calendar. Meanwhile, the Star of David symbolizes Judaism in general. This hexagram star was name d after King David of Israel. Then in 1984, the symbol was used for the flag of Israel after it was officially proclaimed as a country.ReferencesHuda.   Jihab in French Schools.   Retrieved 4 June 2008.http://islam.about.com/cs/currentevents/i/france_hijab.htmHinnells, John R. The   Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. 2005, page 441.Major Religions of the World- Ranked by Number of Adherents. January 2007. 5 June 2008.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Islam

Joint Venture Essays

Joint Venture Essays Joint Venture Essay Joint Venture Essay Research Limitations/laminations ? Further research might examine other examples of public-private partnerships nice the research reported here comprises only a single case study the major limitation of this research. While utilizing the findings of this research may improve the chances of a successful venture, they cannot of their own accord guarantee success since other factors are at play. Originality/value The paper presents a valuable Insight for both academics and practitioners who are keen to appreciate executives concerns that can arise In evolving a Joint venture between a public and a private sector organization. Keywords Partnership, Joint ventures, Public sector organizations, Private sector organizations, Communication, Project planning Paper type Research paper Introduction Collaboration between different organizations enables them to compensate for gaps In their knowledge and capacity to provide goods or services (Walker and Johannes, 2003). These collaborative efforts can take the form of partnerships, alliances and joint ventures. In a public service context, a partnership is a relationship involving the sharing of power, work, support and/or information with others for the achievement of joint goals and/or mutual benefits (Kernighan, 1993). Partnership arrangements between the public and private sectors illustrate how the traditional role of the government as n employer and service provider is being transformed (Cm 4310, 1999; Institute for Public Policy Research, 2001; Lowness and Squelcher, 1998; Kelly, 2000; Robinson et al. , 2000). The idea is that boundary-less, or network organizations strengthen opportunities for innovation through closer collaboration and also reduce costs through the mutual achievement of business objectives based on cooperation around respective competitive strengths. Unfortunately, the shift away from bureaucracy and the creation of numerous providers has itself produced problems or collaboration and co-ordination as well as making it harder to provide a unified approach to service delivery. To be effective, clarity about the role and purpose of a network is required. Without this, the participation of its individual members is constrained by the hierarchical organization to which they belong, and issues relating to accountability and autonomy may come into conflict. Networks inevitably have to compromise and bridge the gap between action and discussion (Huzzah, Bibb). Strategically, networks are more difficult to steer in any coherent direction. Indeed, it might be argued that competition and the contract culture have promoted self-interested behavior rather than the public interest, and produced low trust relationships. The concept of networks and collective strategies has laid the foundation for an outbreak of writing and research on strategic alliances. Indeed, there is a vast literature on the subject. During the sass there was significant research conducted relating to the management of public private partnerships commenting on such matters as their governance (Huzzah and Avenge, 1996; Kickers, 1997; Martin, 1998), the structure of such partnerships and why they succeed r fail (Osborne, 1998; Scott, 1998), and the potential of partnerships to promote inclusion in local communities (Geodes, 1998). In addition, there is a substantial literature on various forms of inter-organizational partnerships, both public and private (see, for example, Osborne, 2000, for a substantial review of the literature on public-private partnerships). Alongside the development of partnerships and networks, a new type AT organization to emerge NAS Eden ten virtual organization. David and Malone (1992) defined the virtual organization as a co-operation teens several independent partners (companies or individuals) who share their resources, skills and knowledge in order to produce a best customer solution. Such cooperation can provide a basis with which to gain access to vital resources and knowledge beyond one organizations boundaries (see Miles et al. , 2000). Without geographical or physical constraints, networked organizations can add value through superior core competences. Significance for public-private partnerships Tony Blair (1998) argues that the days of the all-purpose authority that plans and delivers everything are gone (see also Riddle, 1988). It is in partnership with others public agencies, private companies, community groups and voluntary organizations that local governments future lies. Partnership plays a key role in the governments Modernizing Government agenda. It recognizes that one has to approach a bewildering number of agencies simply to deal with the challenges of everyday life. Modernizing Government aims to: . Ensure that policy making is coordinated and strategic in nature; . Ensure that public service users, not providers, are the focus of attention, by matching services closely to peoples lives; and . Liver high-quality, efficient public services. The research question and its Justification Many studies have focused on Joint venture partnerships, but little empirical research has been conducted into what makes an alliance successful. Previous research has articulated a linkage between inter-partner fit and venture performance. It has been suggested that the main barriers to the development of these kinds of structures are not so much technological ones as cultural ones (Manchester, 1997). However, fit has been postulated using different notions such as strategic symmetry (Harridan, 1985), inter- rim diversity (Parke, 1991), match of partner characteristics (Grinner, 1988), and inter-partner compatibility/complementary (Beamers, 1988; Hill and Helloing, 1994). The result of this operational confusion has led to a lack of consistency in empirical findings. Perhaps quite significantly, however, as Huzzah and Avenge (1996) have shown, action by the more powerful participant in a relationship is at the core of successful partnership. There seems little doubt that in the future public sector management will need to be able to possess the skills, processes, structures, genealogy and tools required for working across organizational boundaries (Huzzah and Avenge, 2000). Partnerships create a new form of accountability between their members which rests primarily on trust. Where there is mistrust or hostility between some or all of the partners, then the effective operation of their partnership may be difficult to achieve (Bennett et al. , 2004). Huzzah (1995, AAA), in discussions on collaborative activities within and between organizations, points to the potential problems and pitfalls associated with collaboration and, by association, with partnership. These are: . As of control the inability to take action if things seem to be going wrong or differently from expectations: shared decision-making may be problematic; . Multiple goals stakeholders are likely to want to achieve their own particular goals which may not relate to the stated purpose of the partnership; and . Tension between autonomy and accountability members may be accountable to their stakeholder groups, which may mean checking back before committing to a calicles. I Nils teen leads u s on to quest want concertmasters cutlets or less successful Joint venture partnerships. The partnership and the views of its members In the illustration we are using here, the City Council agreed to seek a Joint venture partner to help develop CIT and other service areas such as payroll, revenues and 119 120 benefits, a contact centre and human resource management. The aim was to achieve a level of service with a technical vision built around intelligence-led local government. This vision, it was thought, would help to achieve high service standards and help deliver enhanced levels of value for money. The focus on customer service and quality of service were the critical drivers, and staff from the City Council and the riveter sector organization were seconded into the new Joint venture company. Those contacted in the research were asked for their personal views, attitudes, values, beliefs, experiences and motivations in relationship to the partnership. Subsequent research revealed five significant problem areas of concern or interest. These were: (1) communication; (2) openness; (3) planning; (4) ethos; and (5) direction. The study An initial pool of 30 subjects was identified for the study. Subjects chosen for the case study were senior managers, middle managers, and operational staff employed by the City Council, the private sector organization and he Joint venture company. Subjects were identified as being part of the initial task teams who were instrumental in the formulation of the Joint venture and those senior managers and operational staff who were employed in managing the day-to- day operation of the partnerships. In total, consultation in the form of interviews or discussions was held with 13 senior managers, nine middle managers and the remainder with operational staff. There were 14 in-depth interviews lasting 90 minutes and three group discussion sessions (16 staff in total participated in the group discussions). Five senior managers were employed by the partnership organization; four senior managers, three middle managers and three operational staff had been seconded to the partnership organization; and the remaining staff were employed by the Council. In-depth interviews were conducted during which subjects were given an overview of the background of the Joint venture partnership in preparation for discussion. The interview discussions were guided by the use of a question pool. These questions were organized across relevant areas of inquiry and focused on developing an understanding of how the Joint venture partnership was progressing, what issues there were, if any, and what components they felt were accessory to contribute to the success and maintenance of the partnership arrangement. This, it was felt, would give both an introduction and an initial focus for discussion and was based on the common-sense reasoning of a need to explain the Docudrama Ana purpose AT ten research. I nee data generated Trot Interviews Ana group discussions was explored without a predetermined theoretical or descriptive framework. This strategy reflected a grounded theory approach. This process was based on analysis and theoretical understanding of the substance of what was said in discussions and interviews. The rationale behind the reduction of the data elected was based on the commonality of the words, themes and concepts being produced by the respondents through the written and oral research data. From this analysis the five concepts discussed below emerged as critical themes relating to the topic of the research. In our discussions below we examine pertinent literature relating to the five concepts that emerged from the research. Discussion of the findings Communication Many business alliances fail to meet expectations because little attention is given to nurturing the close working relationships and interpersonal connections that unite the partnering organizations (Waite and Jape, 1995). An awareness of communication processes is essential within alliances if maximum efforts are to be coordinated and directed towards the success of strategic alliances. The comprehensive review by Mohr and Nevi (1990) concluded that the major omission in this area concerned studies of how communication relates to the overall performance of alliances. Ineffective communication can reduce the effectiveness of a strategic alliance and thus lead to conflict between partners Cain, 1987). There is an assumption that organizations will function better if communication is open, if relationships are based on mutual understanding and trust, if relationships are co-operative rather than competitive, if people work together in teams, and if decisions are reached in a participative way (Husking and Buchanan, 2001). These conditions, however, are not observed in many organizational situations. Some of the main barriers to communication concern: . Power differences; . Gender differences; . Physical surroundings; . Language; and . Cultural diversity. Canter (1999) examines how, in the course of communication, the proactive exchange of information can strengthen co-operative relationships. However, in the case study under examination here, there was no Achaeans in place to facilitate discussion on issues between the partners. An awareness of communication processes is essential within alliances if maximum efforts are to be coordinated and directed towards the success of strategic alliances (Mohr and Nevi, 1990). In our research, we identified that motives were often misunderstood and that people had a tendency to assume the Joint venture partners motives. Clearly, good communication between different levels of management and units is essential in order to foster shared purpose and common understandings. In a related context, Jobber (1995) suggests that internal marketing is an important implementation tool. It aids communication by informing and involving all staff in new initiatives and strategies. Our research uncovered that information which was necessary for the accurate understanding of reasons for the partnership was not available to all parties. Communication and a level of interpersonal understanding appeared to occur only among a small group of people. Others outside the immediate circle did not share this. Puddle-private partnerships 121 According to Canter (1999), effective collaboration requires connections at three levels across collaborating organizations, represented by continuing contact among: 1) top management to develop broad goals and monitor progress; (2) middle managers to develop plans for Joint activities; and (3) operational personnel, who carry out the day-to-day work of the alliance. Openness Trust is considered a prerequisite for alliance success (Byrne, 1993) and lack of trust is a major reason for alliance failures (Penn and Sheehan, 2002). There is evidence to point to the fact that strategic alliances may be unstable and their success rate poor (Gang, 1995). The implication is that there is a need to appreciate that trust and control are inextricably interlinked with risk in strategic alliances. Partner firms need to manage this risk adequately by understanding the conjoint roles of trust and control. The establishment of a new relationship between members of the organization at all levels a relationship based on trust is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to organizations (Handy, 1995). An inward focus seemed to be pervasive within the organizations we studied. There was a distinct lack of openness and trust between the partners. In fact, the indications were that a blame culture (biz. Handy, 1995) existed. The establishment of a new relationship between members of the organization at all levels a relationship based on trust is an issue that is becoming increasingly important to organizations. Planning Many strategic alliances lack alliance strategies. A coherent alliance strategy has four elements: (1) a business strategy to shape the logic and design of the alliance; (2) a dynamic view to guide the management and evolution of the alliance; (3) a portfolio approach to enable co- ordination among the alliance to enhance flexibility; and (4) an internal infrastructure that supports and strives to maximize the value of external collaboration (Gomes- Caresser, 2000). When managed well, the above elements can create tremendous value. At the wrong time and when managed poorly, they can be costly distractions (Gomes-Caresser, 2000). The good intentions and rational motives behind alliances are not congruent with the strategic direction of either firm on its own, let alone the strategic direction of both in unison. Consequently, Joint venture companies are frequently plagued with high degrees of instability and poor performance (Parke, 1993; Gout, 1991). A lack of coherent strategies existed in our case study organization. A coherent alliance strategy should possess the four elements listed above. In the organization we examined, there was no apparent plan or method to identify success or failure in terms of attaining objectives. Parke (1993) and Gout (1991) observe that often the good intentions and rational motives behind these alliances are not congruent with the strategic direction of either firm on its own, let alone the strategic direction of both in unison. Our findings seemed to provide some evidence as to why this might be the case. In particular, the priorities of the organization were not obvious. According to Hill and Jones (2001), the strategic planning process can be Rosen down into five main steps: (1) mission and objectives; (2) environmental scanning; (3) strategy formation; (4) strategy implementation; and (5) evaluation and control. In the organization we studied there was no evidence of these steps being followed. Ethos Ethos is the characteristic spirit or attitudes of a community, or people (Webster, 1992). It comes very much to the fore in strategic alliances when the co-operating firms continue to be independent organizations and a new situation appears in which an interaction is established between two firms with different organizational cultures. This usually implies different leadership styles and different objectives, which may lead to lack of trust between the parties and to conflicts which may arise when the time comes to make decisions (Bono, 1991). Similarly, cultural conflicts are more common in Joint ventures, where a closer contact between the partners is required, than in contractual alliances (Schultz, 1998). Employees were seconded from the private sector organization and from the City Council into the newly formed organization of the Joint venture company. These people came from a variety of backgrounds and had very different experiences, and this was reflected in heir different social ways and beliefs. There was a feeling of lack of identity amongst staff working for the Joint venture company, in accord with the comments put forward and discussed by Czarinas (1997). Indeed, the identity of the organization should allow members to speak about themselves as an organization not only to themselves but also to others, but this did not seem possible in this case. There was a failure to learn and understand about the cultural differences of the two organizations that had come together to form the Joint venture company. Not only id cultural differences exist, but the corporate cultures were also different. Dimension (1990) observed that organizational culture can be defined as an organizations values, beliefs, principles, practices, and behaviors. Direction The public sector is under pressure to improve service delivery and cooperate more effectively (Cabinet Office, 2003). There is a growing demand for leaders able to carry out these tasks, and to see through fundamental processes of change. However, the public sector does not have a clear idea of what constitutes good leadership. The analysis that goes exist suggests that good leadership remains too rare a quality. The implication is that we need to take careful notice of the precise environment within which leadership is constructed and deployed. The appointment, monitoring, reward and accountability structures and processes all play some part in inhibiting and/or encouraging certain forms of leadership. Multiple and often conflicting accountabilities that prevail upon public sector 123 leaders necessitate greater training, support and skill than that required in most private-sector positions Cabinet Office (2003). In the case of the organization searched here, there was a lack of iron-clad commitment to succeed. According to Hoffmann and Closer (2001) and Ninepin and Ross (2001), the participation of senior managers should go beyond the formulation of a strategy based on alliances. These managers should personally take part in the co-operative management process and show their commitment and enthusiasm both to and in the operation of the alliance. Weak organizational leadership has helped to contribute to lack of clear vision and direction. Slater (2003) observes that tomorrows leaders must raise issues, debate them, and resolve them. They must rally around a vision of what a business can become. Leaders had not set the tone of the organization in this case. Strategic leadership refers to the ability to articulate a strategic vision for the organization, or a part of it, and to motivate others to buy into that vision (Hill and Jones, 2001). Research has shown that the partners must work extremely hard at understanding each other, developing common objectives, and being truly committed to achieving a mutually desired and acceptable outcome. Otherwise, the relationship will never truly succeed. The key to making partnerships work comprises common sense, trust, pen communication, the right environment, and a good plan and strong leadership. Table I outlines some of the statements obtained from in-depth interviews in the course of the research. The statements are grouped according to the COPED element identified and indicate some of the problems, inadequacies and concerns faced by the partnership organization. While most of these elements were identified as requiring attention in some way or another, arguably they may not be all the factors that guarantee a successful partnership. Nevertheless, they could be regarded as important factors in enabling partnerships to be successful. We suggest that the success of a Joint venture may be influenced by five important characteristics. These characteristics are illustrated as building blocks in a model which we have termed the COPED model. This model reflects a collection of underpinning factors (see Figure 1). Conclusion Results from the research indicate the existence of five helpful characteristics identified under the heading of Communication, Openness, Planning, Ethos and Direction, which may be present in a successful partnership venture. It proposes a theoretical framework model, the COPED model, for building more impressive and productive relationships between public sector organizations and private sector companies. The elements of the COPED model emerged from the analysis of data and lent support for the various pointers for successful partnerships and networks. The elements, in fact, could be identified as ways in which the older bureaucratic sector organizations failed to accomplish their mission to serve their stakeholders. It is contended that the elements of the COPED model are required to ensure some degree of success, and in the organization studied here they were often found often to be lacking in many respects. COPE element Communication statements we are crap at communications we nave not allowed ourselves time to promote the partnership organization We need to improve upon communication We have a weakness which manifests a lack of understanding I think its strange that we dont have briefings on the progress of partnership organization There seems to be a lack of discussion around future financial planning I think there is a lack of understanding around the political regulatory We need to market the partnership organization We need to have a firm understanding of the Councils vision We need to remote the branding of the partnership organization No clear understanding of the contract There is a distinct lack of communication There is a blockage, not enough information on budgets I think there is a flaw in communications There Just seems to be a real lack of communication Its difficult to know if the partnership organization staff understands the requirements of the Council We need to be bri efed on a regular basis regarding progress of the partnership organizations projects I dont think the partner organizations staff really understands the history of the Council

4 Things That Surprised me About Self-Publishing an Academic Book

4 Things That Surprised me About Self-Publishing an Academic Book 4 Things That Surprised me About Self-Publishing an Academic Book Joshua Gans is a Professor of Strategic Management  at the University of Toronto. He has been published  in the American Economic Review, Journal of Political Economy, RAND Journal of Economics, Journal of Economic Perspectives, and more. In this article, he talks about his recent book,  Scholarly Publishing and its Discontents, which looks at the market power of journal publishers. The critical nature of this  subject led him to explore  self-publishing for the first time - an experience which surprised him in more ways than one."This is the 21st Century. Please download the free PDF of this book at joshuagans.com and use the search function. Trust me, it will be easier."And that was that!Self-publishing has offered me unparalleled freedom, and allowed me to disseminate my work as never before. That being said, my sales are not as high as I have achieved before with traditional publishing. Then again, I haven’t commenced any marketing initiatives other than handing out copies and have broken a few â€Å"rules† - like designing my own book cover. But that’s part of the beauty of self-publishing, doing things your way. This time around I’m going to work at my leisure, update the book with new editions when I want, and do things by one set of rules: my own.Scholarly Publishing and its Discontents  is available in  paperback from Amazon!Head to Joshua's website for more.Joshua published his recent book  because he had an idea he wanted to get out there - not necessarily because he was looking to build a fan base of readers. Can you relate? Leave any thoughts, experiences, or any questions for  Joshua in the comments below.

Essay about Cannabis and medically Marijuana

Essay about Cannabis and medically Marijuana Essay about Cannabis and medically Marijuana Ryan Glover 9-9-12 PHI-105 Dr. Larson Legalization of Marijuana From the past to the present the government and society has given such a negative view on marijuana it left no room for the positives. Tobacco and other chemicals in cigarettes are widely used and welcomed more than the use of marijuana and yet people and the people around them die every day and are linked to several medical conditions. Alcohol has been linked to anger and aggression, many medical conditions, and death but we can go to the nearest corner store and purchase alcohol seven days a week. Prescription and over the counter drugs have many different side effects that can occur while taking the medicine and limited to the amount used daily in fear of over medicating and could lead to serious health conditions or even death. Marijuana has not been linked to serious side effects or bodily harm, nor has it been linked to anger or aggression, and does not lead to death. Marijuana is known more for its illegal contribution in the world instead of the positive aspects it can have on medical use and its contribution to improve the economy and many uses it can have industrially. In the states were marijuana is legal it is used for its many medical benefits. Unlike most prescription drugs given for serious health conditions serious side effects can come with it. Marijuana is used for serious health conditions and doesn’t have any of the serious side effects. It is used for various health reasons ranging from sleep deprivation to help regain appetites in patients whose health leave them with drastic weight loss because of their loss of appetite. It is also used to help relieve pain in cancer, multiple sclerosis patients, and arthritis patients as well. Marijuana is also being tested in possible reducing growth in malignant tumors in the brain. Some other uses include depression, high blood pressure, HIV, and a muscle relaxer. (Harvard Health Letter 2004) Medically marijuana could be a great relief for a lot of people and with further testing was even turned into an oral supplement for daily use (Gray, 1998). Economically marijuana can be very beneficial for the farmers that grow it for medical and other uses by the government that allows them to grow it. Farmers would also be able to grow hemp and sell it to companies that will use the product. Hemp is a marijuana plant with very low THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) levels used for its seeds and fiber. Companies can then purchase the hemp and manufacture it into products ranging from paper to concrete. Hemp also provides nutrient rich soil, uses minimal pesticides, and reduces weed growth. Economically if marijuana was legalized a state would save over seven billion dollars in cost instead of the amounts spent trying to uphold the laws making it illegal and if marijuana was taxed like consumer goods it could bring in over two million dollars annually and if taxed like alcohol and tobacco it could bring in over six billion dollars annually and with today’s economical struggle in the states who wouldn’t benefit from these numbers. (Moffatt, 2012) Legalization of marijuana also brings growth industrially to The United States. Hemp and hemp seeds has many beneficial uses. The fiber from hemp can be used to