Concentration of Acid and Indigestion Tablet

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Contact Essay Color Key Free Essays Unrated Essays Better Essays Stronger Essays Powerful Essays Term Papers Research Papers Privacy Our Guarantee Popular Essays Excellent Essays Free Essays A-F Free Essays G-L Free Essays M-Q Free Essays R-Z Essay Topics Plagiarism Donate a Paper An Investigation to see How the Concentration of Hydrochloric acid affects the Rate of Reaction with Calcium CarbonateRate This Paper: 1 2 3 4 5 Length: 3036 words (8. 7 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – An Investigation to see How the Concentration of Hydrochloric acid affects the Rate of Reaction with Calcium Carbonate I am going to investigate how concentration of hydrochloric acid affects the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and indigestion tablets which contain mainly calcium carbonate.From my background knowledge from class work and books, (see references) I have found out that if you increase the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the rate of reaction will increase and the time of the reaction will decrease. The concentration is dependant on the proportions of hydrochloric acid and water in the solution. The stronger the hydrochloric acid is, the higher the concentration is. I know from my research that other things can affect the rate of reaction, for example:Temperature of acid- the higher the temperature of the acid is, the more energy the particles have to move around, therefore there are more collisions and so a faster rate of reaction. There is a certain amount of energy needed for the particles to react which is called the activation energy, so when the temperature of the solution is h igher, it gives more particles sufficient energy so they move faster to react when they collide more. Size of the particles- when the reactant is a solid then it can be broken down into smaller pieces or into a powder giving it different surface areas.The smaller the pieces, the bigger the surface area is and therefore there is more area for the acid to react with it, and so there is more chance of the particles colliding, so the rate of reaction will increase. Catalysts- this weakens the bonds in the reacting molecules so it seems to lower the activation energy for the reaction. This means that there can be many more successful collisions because particles will have more energy than the activation energy, and so the reaction will be faster. In order to keep my experiment fair, I must keep all the variables the same except concentration, which is what I am investigating.From my preliminarty experiments, I have found that a gas is let off in this reaction and having testing by puttin g it with lime water, I have concluded that the gas is carbon dioxide because the lime water turned cloudy. The equation is: Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Calcium Chloride + water + carbon dioxide To find the rate of reaction, I will measure how long it takes to produce a certain amount of gas. To work out the rate of reaction, I have to divide the amount of gas I will collect with the time.Rate= amount of gas collected/ time In order to make this experiment fair, I will keep all the variables the same, except concentration. I will keep the mass of calcium carbonate the same by using one tablet each time. The masses of each tablet vary, but only by a tenth of a gram either side of 1. 01g, which I think is not a large enough difference in mass to make a difference to my experiment. I will try to do all my experiments on the same day, so the room temperature will be the same, which means the temperature of the acid will not change.I will use a burette to measure the amount of hydrochloric acid and water, so the volume of acid will be the same. I will keep the surface area the same because I will use the whole tablet and so each one will have the same surface area because they are all similar in size. Finally, I will use the same apparatus throughout my whole experiment to make it a fair test. I have done preliminary experiments in order to find the amounts I should use for the variables. I chose to collect 40cm? of gas, 50cm? of acid solution and use half a intigestion tablet and crush it.I found three problems with using this half a crushed tablet. The first problem was the fact that it did not react very strongly, and it did not collect more than 24cm? of gas with my lowest concentration of acid, secondly it was difficult to get exactly half a tablet, and this would take too long in my real experiment if I was to get exactly half a tablet each time. Lastly, I did not know when to start my stop clock, because the time delay from the first bits of calciu m carbonate falling into the acid, to the last bits of calcium carbonate falling was quite long and in between this, some gas was lost.This has made me decide to use a whole intigestion tablet, so I do not loose as much gas inbetween putting the tablet into the solution and putting the bung on the conical flask. GRAPH I decided that the lowest concentration I will use is 1M of hydrochloric acid. , which took 85 seconds to collect 40cm? of gas. This highest concentration I will use is 3. 8M of hydrochloric acid, which took 50 seconds to collect 40cm?. From my preliminary experiments I have decided to: Use one whole tablet, 50cm? of different acid concentrations and time how long it takes to collect 40cm? f carbon dioxide gas. My prediction is: The higher the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the quicker the reaction time is with the indigestion tablets. This is because I have found out that the reaction will be quicker as the concentration increases, because the higher the concentr ation is, the more particles of acid there are which are closer together to collide more with each other and therefore react with each other, and so the reaction will be quicker. This is called the collision theory.I will use a graph to show my results, and I know from previous knowledge that the graph should be directly proportional, which means as the concentration increases, so does the rate of reaction. If the concentration is doubled, the rate of reaction is doubled, because there is twice as much possibility for collisions because there are twice as much particles. The line of best fit should go through the origin because when there is no concentration of acid, there are no particles to react. I expect to get a graph which looks like the following:Equipment  · 1 burette containing hydrochloric acid  · 1 burette containing water  · 1 conical flask  · bung and deliver tube  · gas syringe  · stop clock  · clamp stand I am using burettes because they have an accuracy of 0. 1cm? which means I can measure the volumes of water and acid very accurately, and the range of the burette is 0-50cm? of liquid, which is enough for what I need. I will use a gas syring which is accurate to 1cm? of gas collected, and ranges from 0-100cm? of gas which is accurate enough if I am to collect 40cm? of gas.The stop clock is accurate to the 100th of a second, but I will round the time to the nearest second, because it is more realistic when remembering human reaction times, which is about 0. 1 seconds. In order to not let any gas escape, I will make sure I put the delivery tube and gas syring securely together. Method  · Set up apparatus as above  · Take 50cm? of the following concentrations at one time, using the burettes of acid and water-1M, 1. 4M, 1. 8M, 2. 2M, 2. 6M, 3. 0M, 3. 4M, 3. 8M.  · Put the acid solution into a conical flask  · Put 1 intigestion tablet into the the acid and put the bung on. Start the stop clock and time until the marker reaches 40cm?.  · Do this for all the concentrations. I will use a range of 2. 8M of hydrochloric acid, the lowest concentration is 1M and the highest is 3. 8M. I decided to use these concentrations, because in my preliminary experiments, I saw that the reaction was too slow with a concentration below 1M, and that the reaction would be too fast above 3. 8M. I have chosen to do 8 different concentrations, because I will not have enough time to do more, and I will still beable to draw a concusion even if I only use 8 different concentrations.I will have to use both 2M and 4M hydrochloric acid in order to make the different concentrations of acid. The ones which are 2M or below I will make with the 2M hydrochloric acid, and for the rest 4M hydrochloric acid. I will try to use as little of the 4M acid as possible, because it is more dangerous than the 2M. I will take as many repeat readings as I can in the time that I have, because repeats will help me to make sure I do not get any anomalous results. I will reapeat the anomalous results first. The more repeats I do, the more reliable my results will be.Safety I will use 2M and 4M hydrochloric acid which both have IRRITANT warnings so I will be careful using them and try not to get them on my hands or in my eyes. I will use goggles to protect my eyes. GRAPH Results This conclusion supports my prediction well because my results show that the higher the concentration, the quicker the reaction is because there are more particles to react with each other, and so there is more chance for them to collide and therefore the reaction is faster, which is what I originally assumed in my prediction.My graph shows it is directly proportional, because if I take the concentration of 1. 5M of hydrochloric acid, and find the rate of reaction using my graph, it shows that the rate of reaction is 0. 36 cm? /s, and using the graph if I double the concentration to 3M, the rate of reaction is 0. 72 cm? /s which is exactly two times faster tha n the reaction with 1. 5M which shows it is directly proportional. In the following table, I have calculated the average time and rate of reaction for all the different concentrations.I have then worked out the difference between each rate in order to find if there is a trend in how much quicker the reaction is which each concentration. GRAPH From this table, I can see there is a trend, because as the concentration goes up by 0. 4M each time, the rate goes up by 0. 07, 0. 08 or 0. 09 cm? /s which are very close to each other and shows that the rate is quite consistent because no matter what the concentration is, the rate goes up in a certain way on average of 0. 08 cm? /s. The only results that do not go with trend are the 3. M concentrations. On my graph I have circled them as anomalous results. There can be several explanations for this which I will cover in the evaluation. The following diagram is a simple way to help show why the rate of reaction increases with the concentration : My experiment has helped me with my conclusion that the rate of reaction increases as the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases, and has given me evidence to help explain it. Evaluation My results are as realiable as I could make them using the apparatus and the time I had.From my results I can say that most of the results are quite reliable and accurate to what they should be because I got the results I expected. However, I did get two results which I would say are anomalous. I decided that these two results are anomalous because according to my background knowledge and the rest of my results, I knew that I should get a directly proportional line of best fit, and the rest of the results are very near to this line of best fit. I know that my line of best fit is correct because as the concentration doubles, the rate doubles.The results for the 3. 8M showed that the rate was slower than the rate of reaction with a lower concentration of 3. 4M. There are many different fac tors which may have affected my results. One of the biggest faults in my experiment was the fact that I did not have enough time to complete it in one day. Due to various problems, I had to do the experiment on three different days. This means that all the equipment was different which may mean that they work differently from eachother. This makes it an unfair test.The second problem with doing it on different days is the problem of room temperature which can have a big effect on the rate, because as I know from back ground knowledge, I know the warmer the acid is, the faster the reaction because particles have more energy so there are more successful collisions. I made the mistake of not recording which results are from which day, so I cannot tell if this had a major effect on the results. Whilst doing the experiment, I noticed a few problems which may also have effected my results.First of all is the problem that I only have two hands, so it was difficult to put the tablet in the conical flask, close the bung and also start the stop clock, all at the same time. When there was someone available, I asked them to start my stop clock, but this was not possible all the time. Adding this time to human reaction time of around 0. 1 of a second, some time could have been lost. Some gas was also lost in the time period between putting the tablet in and putting the bung on. I tried my best to make this time period very small, but still some gas was lost.When I had managed to get the tablet into the acid with the bung on and time it, I noticed that sometimes the whole tablet would not go into the acid, and so it was not all reacting, so in order for the whole tablet, I would shake it for a couple of seconds. I did not count how long I would do this for each one, but when I did shake it a lot of gas would be produced, so If I shook one flask for longer, more gas would be produced faster because the whole tablet would be reacting with the acid and there would be more coll isions and therefore a quicker reaction.Between each different concentration, I would wash the conical flask, and I observed that if I washed the flask with hot water, the flask would become hotter, or if I washed it with cold water the opposite would happen. This meant that the temperature of the acid and water solution would vary. This made the tests unfair because if I did some of them with hot conical flasks and others with cold ones, the ones with the warmer flasks would react faster because the temperature of the acid would increase and so give the particles more energy to react.If the equipment was much more sophisticated, for instance if all the equipment would stay the same temperature or if there was special clock which would start at the exact time the tablet touched the acid, my results would be much more accurate, but I still found good results. [IMAGE]If I could do the experiments again, I would do the following things differently in order for my results to be more acc urate.I would make sure I did them all on the same day, use all the same equipment, have someone to start the stopclock, have better equipment, for instance a conical flask with a divider so the acid and calcium carbonate won't mix until I want them to: Apart from all of the problems, my method was suitable and the experiment was successful because I had sufficient evidence to enable myself to come to a conclusion which agreed with my knowledge and prediction. I would have liked to share results with other people who were doing the same experiment as me to see if our results were similar, but nobody was doing the same experiment as me.The only results which I did not think are reliable or accurate is the reaction of the 3. 8M concentration of hydrochloric acid with the calcium carbonate, and if I had more time I would investigate this further. I would find out why these results were anomalous because even though I did reapeats, I still got anomalous results and so I would like to fi nd out why this happened. I would like to investigate the rate of reaction with more concentrations in order to see what happens after 3. 8M acid to see if it was still directly proportional or if the graph leveled off.Other extra investigations I would do would include using different types of acid for instance nitric acid or sulphuric acid and see if they changed the reaction at all. I would also try and use different types of indigestion tablets, because the ones I used contained ginger which I have researched about to find that it is used for digestion, soothing aches and pains in muscles and improves circulation problems, so I would like to investigate if this has a different effect on the rate of the reaction or not.I put an indigestion tablet into 1M of acid concentration and measured the temperature before and after the reaction for one minute to see if the reaction was exothermic or endothermic, but there was no change in temperature, so I would like to see what effect an e xothermic or endothermic reaction would have on the experiment. Overall I think my results are reliable because the repeats are all very close to eachother, the biggest gap between my repeats is the 1. M concentration which had a time difference of 6 seconds, but the others which I had time to repeat are all around 3 seconds apart. If I had more time I would do much more repeats to make my results more reliable. The accuracy of my results are quite good because they are all very close to the line of best fit. I would like to do more experiments and repeats to make sure my line of best fit is accurate and in the correct place. Apart from these I think my investigation was successful.

Fly High with Sti College Angeles

Fly High with STI College Angeles A. INTRODUCTION July 11, 2012 – 10:15 A. M†¦ (1st Semester of S. Y 2012-2013) It is her second week in her new job as a Marketing Officer; Ms. Eleanor Pineda is very enthusiastic while checking the STI College Angeles Strategic Plans for 2012. â€Å"It has been eight (8) years that STI College Angeles is not achieving the projected number of first year students that must be enrolled each school year, not to mention that the shortage is majority half of what is projected. This is alarming Madam. – Eleanor Pineda â€Å"That is correct and it is disturbing in our end. We have been working it out to hit and surpassed every year’s projection, however the competition with all the colleges and universities around Angeles City makes the competition stiffer. As you can observe, we are located in a market saturated with lots of tertiary schools which also offers diverse courses. † – Ms. Rowena T. Selom, Administrator â €“ STI College Angeles. â€Å"This will definitely serve as a challenge to you Eleanor as a newly hired Marketing Officer.You will be in-charge in initially encouraging fresh graduates of secondary level to be part of our school, and promoting our identity within the circle of Pampanga. My faculty can be of help in internal marketing, for we make sure that all professors and instructors are qualified and meet all the requirements as set by CHED and TESDA. This is to ensure that quality education is being given to our students. † – Mrs. Avelina A. Pena, Academic Head – STI College Angeles. â€Å"Thank you Madam, I will surely be needing helpful hands for me to materialize the projection of the school. – Eleanor Pineda â€Å"Competition gets stiffer, The City College of Angeles will become one of our greatest concerns, since according to the news I have heard, the construction of its building (classrooms and laboratories) will be fully utilized by sec ond semester of this school year. It might even compete well with Holy Angel University and Angeles University Foundation, because hearsays is that it will offer affordable tuition fees like all other government initiated colleges. Indeed, we should watch that scenario as well. – Mary Ann Canlas, Finance Manager. A moment of silence engrossed the room†¦ â€Å"Oh.. before I forget, I would like to remind you that our monthly meeting for July will be on Friday next week (July 20, 2012) together with our President, Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit. Eleanor please continue looking at the concerns we have on falling to achieve our projected number of new students each year. Kindly formulate ideas and recommendations that would help STI College Angeles sustain its existence, profitably. † I’ll give my best Madam, and present only the best. †, this statement was followed by a confident smile and a wink. Everyone separated path and work accordingly†¦ B. COMPANY BA CKGROUND SYLLABUS, Inc. Background SYLLABUS, INC. (Symbol Sciences Languages and Laboratories for Business, Incorporation) was established with the purpose of bringing to the country side the fast emerging Information Technology. The company believed that through technology the Filipino youth can become truly globally competitive.Sharing the same vision for the Filipino youth, thru franchise agreement with Systems Technology Institute (STI) the first STI school in Pampanga was opened. In February 12, 1987 at Evangelista Bldg. , Mac Arthur Hiway, Angeles City (now located at Agson’s Bldg. , Mac Arthur Hiway Balibago, Angeles City). Through the constant change in the industry STI diversified its product slowly integrated itself into education industry as a school that provides boundless career opportunities through ICT-enhance, non-IT programs such as the B.S in Business Administration and BS in Hotel Restaurant and Management. STI College Angeles branch was the pioneer franchi se of SYLLABUS, Inc. , and because of the passion of Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit to continuously be a channel of quality education he later on decided to franchise other STI College sites; STI College San Fernando (1988), STI College Nueva Ecija (1991) and STI College Guagua (1998). Unfortunately, because of economic crisis and downturns STI College Guagua and Nueva Ecija were closed, leaving San Fernando and Angeles in its existence. STI San Fernando is located at 2/F Tita's Bldg. Gapan-Olongapo Road, City of San Fernando (Capital), Pampanga and is labelled as the main branch of STI College under the franchise of SYLLABUS. SYLLABUS, Inc. Vision and Mission Vision Statement: To be a world-class institution primarily engaged in education and training offering a wide range of technology based courses. Mission Statement: SYLLABUS, Inc. exists primarily for bringing high quality, technology based education and training to areas outside the Metro Manila in order to assist in the process of co untryside development and de-urbanization.It is also the purpose of SYLLABUS, Inc. to harness its resources of people, money, technology and management know how in order to establish upstream and downstream enterprises and subsidiaries that will continuously provide opportunities for the company’s own graduates, faculty, staff and the community at large. STI COLLEGE.. A Taste of History It all started when four visionaries conceptualized setting up a training center to fill very specific manpower needs. It was in the early ‘80s when Augusto C. Lagman, Herman T. Gamboa, Benjamin A. Santos, and Edgar H.Sarte – four entrepreneurs and friends came together to set up Systems Technology Institute, a training center that delivers basic programming education to professionals and students who want to learn this new skill. Lagman, Gamboa, and Sarte were all heavily involved in the growing computer industry, while Santos just retired from his IT position in a pharmaceutical company. Sarte’s software house, Systems Resources Incorporated (SRI), kept losing programmers and analysts to jobs abroad. Programmers and analysts were a rare breed then, with only a few training centers offering courses on computer programming.There was clear need to find and hire people for SRI, and fulfil the need of a growing business industry that was migrating to automated or computerized business processes. The founders transformed the problem into an opportunity. Systems Technology Institute’s name came from countless brainstorming sessions among the founders, perhaps from Sarte’s penchant for three-letter acronyms from the companies he managed at the time. The first two schools were inaugurated on August 21, 2983 in Buendia, Makati and in Espana, Manila and offered basic computer programming courses.With a unique and superior product on their hands, it was not difficult to expand the franchise through the founders’ business contacts. A year af ter the first two schools opened, the franchise grew to include STI Binondo, Cubao, and Taft. A unique value proposition spelled the difference for the STI brand then: â€Å"First We’ll Tech You, Then We’ll Hire You. † Through its unique Guaranteed Hire Program (GHP), all qualified graduates were offered jobs by one of the founders’ companies, or through their contacts in the industry. The schools’ 1st batch of graduates, all 11 of them, were hired by SRI.And through GHP, more qualified STI graduates found themselves working in their field of interest straight out of school. No one among the four founders imagined that the Systems Technology Institute would become a college, or would grow to have over 100 schools across the country. But it did, all because of its unique value proposition, the synergy between the founders and their personnel, and the management’s faithfulness to quality. Before the 1990s ended, STI also recognized the younger generation’s need to superior IT-enabled education.It was during this time that STI started to venture into basic and secondary education. With its vast experience in managing tertiary level campuses, STI understood the responsibility of providing the same quality of learning tools and experiences to preparatory, elementary, and high school students. The outcome was the launch of the STI Basic Education and STI High School. The STI Colleges provide associate, baccalaureate, and masteral programs in the fields of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Engineering, Business and Management, Hospitality and Tourism Management, Education, and Healthcare.These programs are duly accredited by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). TESDA programs under the Colleges can also be ladderized with exit points that equip graduates with TESDA Certifications and the option to continue further studies in progr ams accredited by CHED. STI Vision We envision a technologically empowered society whose development and growth is driven by a knowledge-based workforce. STI Mission To be the leader in ICT-enabled human resource development through innovative learning and career planning methodologies.STI Values * Respect * Excellence * â€Å"Malasakit† * Meritocracy * Teamwork * Entrepreneurship * Service The following individuals are those who have control and influence in the decision making activities of STI College Angeles (SYLLABUS). Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit SYLLABUS, Inc. President Ms. Mary Ann CanlasFinance Manager Ms. Rowena T. SelomSchool Administrator – Angeles branch Ms. Avelina A. PenaAcademic Head – Angeles branch Ms. Eleanor PinedaMarketing Officer – Angeles branch Mr. Leo AdaptanteChannel Manager for North and Central Luzon – direct employer STI Headquarters (oversees the operation and sustainability f STI Colleges franchise) C. INDUSTRY BACKGROUND S TI College Angeles has been existing in Balibago, Angeles City for 25 years, pursuing its commitment in delivering quality service to all students who aspire to become professionals with its affordable tuition fees. It occupies the 2nd to 5th floor of Agson’s Bldg. in Balibago, accompanied with two (2) computer laboratories, one (1) kitchen laboratory, one (1) bar set-up laboratory, one (1) hotel room, one (1) electronics room, one (1) library and eight (8) classrooms for lecture setup. Class hour is within 7:00am to 6:00 pm.STI College Angeles offers two-year courses (under the supervision of TESDA) that have ladderized program, four-year courses (under the supervision of CHED), and special courses such as Call Center Training, Effective Keyboarding Training, and Personality Development Trainings. STI serve students from the 33 barangays of Angeles, Mabalacat, Dau, Porac, and Tarlac. Within the vicinity of Angeles, it tries to attract enrollees from the existing 46 Secondary Schools especially fourth year students. | | | | | | | | | | | COURSES OFFERED by STI College Angeles| | | | | | | | | |Four Year Courses| | Two Year ; Special Courses| | | | B. S Computer Science (BSCS)| | Associate in Computer Technology (ACT) | B. S Information Technology (BSIT)| | Associate in Hotel and Restaurant Services (HRS)| B. S Office Administration (BSOAd)| | Certificate in Computer Electronics Technology (CCEP)| B. S Business Management (BSBM)| | Certificate in Call Center Training| B. S Hotel and Restaurant Management (BSHRM)| | Certificate in Effective Keyboarding Training| B. S Tourism (BSTM)| | Certificate in Personality Development Training| | | | Its Competitors†¦Angeles City has more than 60 schools (from primary, secondary, tertiary, and graduate schools) within its circle, and about 17 out of the 60 offers college courses. True enough, STI College Angeles is living in a school saturated environment and competition is getting stiffer each school year. Belo w is the matrix of all the competitors of STI College Angeles. (Source: Marketing Concern created by: Mr. Mark Lagman, Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles) College/University| Distance fromSTI| Courses Offered| Tuition Fee(Per Semester)| Estimated Population(as of S.Y ’11-’12)| Angeles University Foundation| 3 Km| MedicineNursingLawHRMComputer ScienceInformation Tech. Bus. ManagementEducationCriminologyPsychology| 26,000 to 45,000| 9,000| Holy Angel University | 4. 5 Km| AccountingNursingEngineeringComp. ScienceInformation Tech. Bus. Management EducationHRMCriminologyPsychology | 27,000 to 40,000| 12,000| Republic Central Colleges | 4 Km| EducationNursingHRMManagementAccountingEngineeringComp. ScienceInformation Tech. Comp. SecretarialComp. Technician | 21,000 to 28,000| 2,000| Systems Plus College Foundation| 1 Km| BS Computer ScienceBS Info.Technology BS Bus. AdministrationBS Comp EngineeringBS ECEBS HRMBS in TourismBS Nursing| 26,000 to 45,000| 4, 000| Systems Plus Computer College | 4 Km| 2yr Computer Science with Photoshop2-yr Info Technician with AutoCADD 2yr Comp Technology2yr Computer Secretarial2 yr HRSCaregiver2-yr Comp Engineering – Major in Networking Technology| 15,000 to 18,000| 700| Mega Computer College | 4 Km| 2yr Comp Science2yr Comp EngineeringIntegrated Programming1-year Computer Technician2yr Comp Technology| 15,700 to 17,000| 250| AMA Computer College – Angeles City | 4. Km| BS Bus AdministrationBS Info TechnologyBS Computer ScienceBS Comp EngineeringBS Electronics ; Communications Engineering| 19,000 to 23,000| 400| AMA Computer Learning Center – Angeles City | 4. 5 Km| Comp. Based AccountingOffice ; Information ManagementComputer Systems Design ; ProgrammingInternet TechnologyComputer Systems ; Networking Technology2-year Hotel ; Restaurant Management| 13,000 to 18,000| 400| AMA Computer Learning Center – Dau, Mabalacat | 3 Km| Computer Systems Design ; ProgrammingOffice ; Info rmation ManagementComputer Systems ; NetworkingTechnology2-year Hotel ; Restaurant Management| 13,000 to 18,000| 400| Integrated Computer School Foundation| 3 Km| BS in Infromation TechnologyComputer Science2yr Computer ProgrammingComp. SecretarialComp. Engineering in Hardware Technology1-year Computer Technician| 14,000 to 17,000| 200| Montessori ProfessionalCollege| 3. 5 Km| Nursing ScienceComputer ScienceOffice SecretarialComputer AccountancyBusiness ManagementHotel and Restaurant Management| 8,000 to 10,000| 150| AIE College or Asian Institute of E-Commerce | 3 Km| 2yr Info.Technology 2yr Business ; Information Management2yr Computer Technology2yr HRS| 10,000 to 12,000| 250| Asian Institute for Computer Studies| 2 Km| BS Comp. Science 2yr Comp. Science2yr Comp. Secretarial2yr Comp. Technician2yr Hospitality ; Restaurant Services | 9,300 to 14,000| 450| Asian Institute of Science and Technology | 2 Km| 2yr Comp. Science2yr Business Information2yr Comp. Technician2yr Hospitality ; Restaurant Services | 7,600 to 12,000| 350| Clark International College of Technology| 2 Km| 2-yr Comp.Programming2-Yr Comp. Secretarial2-Yr Comp. Technology2-Yr Customer Relations Management2-Yr Consumer Electronics2-Yr HRS| 14,000 to 17,000| 400| Jose C. Feliciano College | 2. 5Km| BS Business ManagementBS Tourism2yr Computer Technician2yr Electronics TechnicianMarine EngineeringSea Farer CourseMidwifery ; Nursing Aide | 16,000 to 22,000| 1,200| Comparative Analysis on Tuition Fees Marketing Strategies ; Activities†¦ STI College Angeles conform to the policy and set laws of STI Head Quarters located in Global City Taguig, Philippines.From the management to the academic concerns all of which need to be addressed to STI-HQ. Marketing techniques and activities were also product of STI-HQ. From billboards, to flyers, to CDs, sponsorships, career orientations, competitions, and scholarships month were all advised at the Head Quarters. This is to maintain the centralization of fra nchised branch of STI. Next page shows the Marketing Calendar and the Advertising and Promotion Expenses of STI College Angeles for S. Y 2012-2013. INQUIRY VS. NEW STUDENTSA. Y 2009-2011 ENROLLMENT SUMMARY A. Y 2006-2011 (All Graphs Source: Marketing Concern created by: Mr. Mark Lagman, Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles) STI College Angeles TOWS Analysis **THREATS**| **WEAKNESSES**| 1. Stiff competition with other colleges and universities. 2. Unstable economic condition in the Philippines that might affect parents’ decision in sending their children into college. 3. K+12 Policy ratify by the Philippines Department of Education which started S. Y 2012. | 1.School facade and location not visible to the public. 2. Lack spacious surrounding and minimal number of rooms; 2 laboratories not enough to accommodate large classes. 3. Incomplete and obsolete facilities (for IT laboratories, Kitchen laboratory, and Library) 4. High-turnover rate of faculty members. | **OPPORTUNITIES**| **STRENGTHS**| 1. The increasing demand of High School students to finish bachelor / associate courses. Continuous demand for ICT and other skilled professionals. 2. Educational institutions will not become obsolete. 3.There are about 40 + Secondary Schools in Angeles City alone. Not to mention nearby places like Dau, Mabalacat, and Porac. There will always be new market to encourage every school year. 4. Can attract working people who wishes to continue study to enroll at STI. | 1. Job Placement Assistance (E2E – Employment to Enrollment) Program. 2. One of the reputable college institution in-terms of IT in the Philippines. 3. Flexible schedule can be given to an employee who wishes to study while working. 4. Well equipped faculty members and staff. . Legal consent and requirements of CHED and TESDA properly organized. | D. ALTERNATIVES July 20, 2012 – 1:30 P. M (STI College San Fernando – Conference Room) Condrado (SYLLABUS, President): It ’s nice to finally meet you personally Eleanor, welcome to SYLLABUS. Eleanor (STI Angeles, Marketing Officer): It’s my pleasure to meet you Mr. President. Thank you for the warm welcome that I have been receiving from all of you. Mary Ann (SYLLABUS, Finance Manager): Since everyone is settled already, I think we can now start Mr. President.The main agenda we have for today’s meeting is the issues being face by STI College Angeles in failing to achieve the projected number of new student every school year. Condrado (President): Okay, that is clear with me. How can we address such dilemma then? Rowena (STI Angeles, Administrator): I believe that we must continue investing in improving our facilities and equipment. If students have good equipment to use in their studies and can see nice facilities within our vicinity they will be spreading news on how good it is to be part of STI and will be encouraged to enroll.In addition, we must do additional effort in promotin g our school by doing double effort in our promotion and advertising activities for 2012. Visit more schools; sponsor seminars, events, and competitions; make STI existence visible to the public by displaying multiple STI banners, billboards, and flyers indicating the courses we offer and the location for them to reach us. Condrado (President): Isn’t that we have been doing the same things before? Avelina (STI Angeles, Academic Head): That is true Mr.President, however I believe that Rowena’s suggestion is only one of the strategies that we can do to achieve our projected number of students. Yes we can improve our current facilities and equipment within the school and it can attract more students but additional students require additional space. As of the moment, our location can accommodate less than 500 students and we still experience minor problems in terms of room assignment and space. If our objective is to increase students and to meet our projected number of en rollees, we must start in preparing a better building first.A new building with larger and spacious structure, plus a visible facade will be an effective marketing strategy. Condrado (President): Hmm†¦ our place is really not visible to the public. Mary Ann (Finance Manager): Your proposal is for STI Angeles to locate into a new building, larger than what we rent now; a building with a visible facade for it to be more obvious to the public. The intention is good, but we must consider the financial status of STI Angeles before we can decide on that. Condrado (President): Can we now hear your proposal Eleanor? Eleanor (STI Angeles, Marketing Officer): Yes Mr.President, as I have listened carefully and as a result of my observation with the previous years of STI Angeles – the problem that we wanted to conquer is to get the target number of students. The solution that I would like to propose is Internal Marketing with STI Students. In every 1 student he/she should migrate 4 students (transferee or new student then the student will be given a gift of knowledge of 50% scholarship in tuition fee. And in every 6 students enrolled by 1 student, he/she will be given 100% scholarship plus a uniform and any STI kit.The way I came with the computation is shown in the screen: 50% Gift of Knowledge (GOK)| 100% Gift of Knowledge (GOK)| 1 student = 20,000 (estimated payment, 50% GOK)4 student = 80,000 (enrolled)_________________________________________Total: 60,000 10,000 (miscellaneous fee and OSF)__________________________________________ 70,000 (School)| 1 student = 20,000 (estimated payment, 100% GOK)6 student = 120,000 (enrolled)___________________________________________Total 100,000 5,000 (Miscellaneous fee and OSF)___________________________________________ 105,000 (School)|Other resolution is to have rental fee for any available rooms that we have: Example: a. Kitchen laboratory (7:00-9:00 pm) class for any tutorial culinary (others). b. Computer laborator y (7:00-9:00 pm) class for any tutorial in computers (others). c. Marketing strategy with the help of any organizations like SM Supermalls in SM City Clark. d. Sponsoring activities of any high school (example: held a competition within their school or tabulations with their school or having seminars) e. Talk to different school principals and have communications like school open house (some of the principals need an exposure). . Posting out STI College Angeles through the use of streamers. Condrado (President): I love the zest of ideas that are coming from everyone’s mind. Give me an action plan and a feasibility study on all your suggestions, present it to me next month. Let’s call it a day†¦ *end* Gratitude to the following people who provided me the information and data to complete my term paper. Mrs. Rowena T. Selom, Administrator of STI College Angeles. Mr. Mark P. Lagman,Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles.

Human Nature and Dauntless Essay

In the book Divergent, there were five factions. The names were abnegation, amity, dauntless, erudite and candor. Each faction was formed by a group of people who blamed human’s nature for destroying the earth. Erudite was formed by those who blamed ignorance for the war that had occurred in the past. Abnegation was formed by those who blamed selflessness for human natures fault. Candor was formed by those who blamed duplicity and deception for human nature’s faults. Amity was formed by those who blamed war and fighting for human natures faults, and dauntless was formed by those who blamed cowardice for human natures faults. The dauntless protected the city from the inside and outside. They formed Dauntless around the principle of eliminating fear believing bravery will lead to a more perfect society. Every faction had a role in the city the dauntless had 3 main things, characteristics, physical traits and functions that made them different from the others. The dauntless have bizarre characteristics. They were the only faction that made their members choose to be factionless or die if they couldn’t be able to become dauntless. That is one of the reasons that this faction didn’t have any old members, they could be leaders at a very young age. Every member gets a certain amount of points to spend per month. They can spend those points on clothing, tattoos or other things. The dauntless also acknowledge the death of a person as soon as he/she dies. The funeral is more of a celebration because many people drink. They also call suicide a brave thing to do. The physical traits of the dauntless show that they are dauntless because no other faction is like them . The Dauntless always dress in black. The women wear skin-tight pants, tights, tight dresses, and black boots and shoes. The men wear black pants and form-fitting shirts. Dauntless like to tattoo and pierce their bodies. Girls might wear dark eyeliner and makeup. They might also dye their hair unusual colors and shave their heads. |This is the only faction that allows this. The functions of this faction are that they have to protect the city from inside and out from any threat. Their main task is to guard the fence that surrounds the city. It is considered a dangerous job, but it is also a necessary one and it seems likely that this is part of the reason no other faction has a disagreement with Dauntless because they are the only ones capable of doing this task. They also maintain the city gate which is locked from the outside. Despite being the most warlike faction, Dauntless appears to have a neutral relationship with the other factions. While Erudite and Abnegation fight for government control and Candor and Amity fight over peace and deception, Dauntless are seen as the fighters. They prove to be good partners as they are trained in the art of fighting and practicing physical skills. They also like being this way because that way they don’t have to do extra stuff. This is what makes them different from the other factions; this is why they are independent.

Bussiness

Part one Excuative Summary Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is one of the leading hotel and leisure companies in the world with 1,000 properties in 100 countries and approximately 145,000 employees at its owned and managed properties. Starwood Hotels is a fully integrated owner, operator and franchisor of hotels and resorts with the following internationally renowned brands: St. Regis, The Luxury Collection, Sheraton, Westin, Four Points by Sheraton, W, Le Meridien, Aloft, and Element. Starwood Hotels also owns Starwood Vacation Ownership, Inc. one of the premier developers and operators of high quality vacation interval ownership resorts. Starwood hotels and resorts offer an array of innovative services to meet the needs of guest, and business traveler. Including high speed internet throughout all of their hotels, two-line telephones in the guest rooms, and fax and print services at stations threw out their hotels. In 2011 the company posted revenues of $5,624,000,000. In 2 006, it had sales of nearly $6 billion and profits of $1 billion. Starwood Hotels and Resorts has six core value that they follow; Trust, Respect, Callaboration, Innovation, Accountability, and Execution.With these values Starwood Hotels and Resorts uses these core values and its mission statement to serve as a blueprint for what they will accomplish. Starwood Hotels and Resorts mission statement is as follows; â€Å"Create the most successful branded, global, lifestyle Hospitality Company by ensuring that trust and respect, for our associates and guests, are at the forefront of everything we do. We are committed to re-imagining our business with creativity and innovation, resulting in exciting, fun workplace. †(http://www. starwoodhotels. com/corporate/careers/believe/values. tml) Starwood Hotels and Resorts mission statement focuses on creating a great hospitality company for their employees and their guest. CEO Fritz Van Passchen and CFO Vasant M. Prabhu of Starwood Hotels and Resort makes it there goal to do so. Fritz Van Paasschen, has been Chief Executive Officer and President of the Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. since September 2007. Previously he served as and CEO of Molson Coors Brewing Company’s largest division from March 2005 until September 2007. Vasant M. Prabhu Reports to Frits Van Paasschen as vice chairman and financial officer or Starwood Hotels and Resorts. Vasant is responsible for the accounting, tax, strategic planning, corporate development and risk management function of the corporation. Vasant has 20 years of experience and previously served as an executive vice president and chief financial officer for Safeway Inc. It is not nothing new for companies in the hospitality industry to give back to the community. Starwood hotel and Resorts is the world’s leading hospitality company with over 1128 properties in 100 countries represented by nine innovative brands and over 145,000 associates.With such breadt h and verity it makes the Starwood hotels and resorts willing and ready to promote change around the world and they are committed to doing so. When it comes to social responsibility Starwood Hotels and Resorts   has other hotels beat in 2012 one of the Starwood store brands   the Sheraton Metechi palace Hotel received an award for the â€Å"World’s Leading CSR Programme†Ã‚     and that’s not the only time they were nominated for such rewards according to  http://www. worldtravelawards. om/profile-2434-starwood-hotels-resorts. Some CSR programs Starwood Hotels and Resorts are associated with; Starwood hotels and resorts has been charitable partner with UNICEF since 1995 and the program now operates in more than 210 of its hotels throughout world and has raised $13 million for UNICEF. Some 2012 CSR projects include Starwood’s employees fundraising campaign, the road to awareness, $320,000 was raised from the schools for Africa project and list goes on and on.Part Two Technological Opportunities Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc. is the most global High-end hotel company in the world. Their strength lies in nine distinct lifestyle brands, an award-winning loyalty program and there more than 171,000 associates at their owned and manages properties. Starwood hotel and resort tries focusing on blending and mining there associates. They makes it a priority to maintain an associate and customer base as diverse as the world population. Our culture of diversity and inclusion has also been recognized by DiversityInc as one of the â€Å"Top 50 Companies for Diversity† and by the Human Rights Campaign as one of the â€Å"Best Places to Work for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Equality†. Starwood hotels and resorts offer an array of innovative services to meet the needs of guest, and business traveler. Including high speed internet throughout all of their hotels, two-line telephones in the guest rooms, and fax a nd print services at stations threw out their hotels. Part Three Marketing OpportunitiesStarwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. Plans to strengthening its position as the leading hotel operator across the Middle East and Africa (MEA) region with an existing portfolio of 82 hotels, representing nearly 22,000 guest rooms, the majority of which are operated under Starwood’s world-renowned Sheraton and Le Meridien brands. The company plans to increase its MEA portfolio by more than 60% with nearly 50 new hotels set to open over the next five years, adding more than 14,000 guest rooms to the region while creating thousands of local employment opportunities.With over 20 hotels expected to open by the end of 2015, Starwood is on track to reach a milestone 100 hotels across MEA. Further underscoring the importance of the region as one of Starwood’s fastest growing hotel and travel markets, earlier this month the company relocated its global headquarters from Stamford, Connec ticut to Dubai for a month-long immersion. â€Å"Starwood continues to see demand for growth of all of our brands across the Middle East and Africa despite economic and political uncertainty in some parts of this incredibly diverse region,† said Frits van Paasschen, President and CEO, Starwood Hotels & Resorts. Rapid economic growth, rising personal incomes, a growing middle class and ever greater global connectivity are driving new travel patterns and demand for travel, and this region is at the center of these trends and a key focus of our growth strategy. † According to http://www. starwoodhotels. com/corporate/about/index. html Part Four Recruitment Presentation At Starwood Hotels and Resorts Inc. they make it a mission to create opportunities for undergraduates and graduates across every area of their business.Through internships, externships, and management training programs they will teach you leadership and team’s skill. So position yourself for a rewardi ng career in hospility industry take it from me I only work at one of their location and actually started as an intern and now I am a supervisor. Making there recruitment overview to be right on target when they say â€Å"We advance. No matter where we go, we always move forward. We open new hotels and resorts and create more personal, global experiences for our guests.You can be a part of it all with our programs at our properties and corporate locations throughout the world in places such as China, the United States, Canada, Europe, Africa and the Middle East and South Asia. We inspire. We immerse you with people, places and practices that make up our thriving portfolio. You will experience firsthand the thrills of working with some of the most sought-after hospitality brands and leaders in the world. † Part Five Future Opportunities From the company's luxury General Managers Summit in Dubai, Starwood Hotels ; Resorts Worldwide, Inc. NYSE: HOT) today announced its luxury fo otprint has nearly doubled worldwide in five years to meet growing global demand. Starwood is lengthening its lead in luxury hospitality with more than 160 hotels in 39 countries as part of The Luxury Collection, St. Regis and W brands, offering guests and residents personalized service and exceptional experiences around the world. Looking ahead, Starwood will add 50 luxury hotels in 12 new countries over the next five years. The General Managers Summit coincides with Starwood's month-long relocation of its global headquarters to Dubai. Modern luxury has not replaced tradition; they sit at the same table, but in slightly different clothes† â€Å"We are on the cusp of a new golden age of luxury travel as technology and globalization drive new trade routes, capital flows and wealth creation,† said Frits van Paasschen, Starwood's President and CEO. â€Å"Dubai is at the epicenter of this change and we are delighted to welcome our general managers from around the world to cultivate a deeper understanding of a new and growing luxury landscape. † According to www. starwoodhotels. com Starwood's inaugural luxury General Managers Summit

Interoffice Memo Essay

Yesterday, July 1, 1976, the ruling in the case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California was decided. The Supreme Court of California imposed a legal duty to psychotherapists, enforceable by a civil suit, to warn a person who may become a victim of a violent act by a patient or if the patient threatens to harm themselves. As professionals in the Human Service field it is necessary that we adhere to this when a client may threaten to hurt themselves or another person. With this ruling, and before any action is taken, we are reminded of our code of ethics. Human Service Professionals have guidelines in their responsibility to the client. The ruling of this case has affected our ethical decision making, in that, we also acknowledge that we need to not only assist our client but also, if threat is made, to assist and protect a potential victim. Once this threat is made, ethically, we have no option but to report it and to not do so, we break our code of ethics and the law. This case has made us aware of the fact that threats can and possibly will be carried out, therefore, threats should not and will not be taken lightly. Our Code of Ethics has changed slightly since this ruling was imposed and while we still protect our client’s confidentiality and privacy, there is now an exception. â€Å"If it is suspected that danger or harm may occur to the  client or to others as a result of a client’s behavior, the human service professional acts in an appropriate and professional manner to protect the safety of those individuals. This may involve seeking consultation, supervision, and/or breaking the confidentiality of the relationship.† (Woodside and McClam, 2011) References: Woodside, M., & McClam, T. (2011). An introduction to human services (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

Numro Magazine Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Numro Magazine - Article Example Besides, concurrently to the author’s idea who contends that she felt bored owing to numerous global publications that pertained to women issues featuring similar â€Å"stupid issues†, she has blended fashion with various aspects. The â€Å"stupid issues† that she implied encompassed â€Å"how to seduce male gender†, â€Å"how to shun wrinkles† and similar, interrelated topics. These topics recurred in numerous publications where only the wording used to change, but their implication is the same. This depicted the absence of adequate creativity that would make women smart and innovative, especially in utilizing the present nature. Numero magazine’s creativity mainly acknowledges diversity of cultures to heighten its standard value, which entails incorporation of architecture, beauty and varied designs globally. Since it is an international publication, it does not have any of its emphasis on certain region or civilization, but implies a wide coverage. It also encompasses cinema, varied designs and music coupled with international icons who are similar fashion-minded. Consequently, equipping women and upcoming either design or fashion icons with adequate creativity entailed in their fields. This is because the Numero’s content normally constitutes of contributions from numerous women globally, who have specialized in fashion or have a passion in the field. Additionally, Numà ©ro boasts of featuring both the current and the future’s creativity, for instance, in Fig. 3 besides global icons that have shown exceptional sophistication in the fashion field. Primarily, this emanates from the des ire to advertise diverse merchandise ranging from clothes, through beauty to vehicles where their volume sales in this competitive market rely on creativity. Besides, Numà ©ro Magazine having been my favorite publication for a long time, I love the mode of presentation coupled by its content uniqueness. This is contrary to other publications

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Case Study - Essay Example Said studies or researches gives an idea that both sets of women are on an even footing to having or developing pre-eclampsia, post-partum anemia, low birth weights and death of mother and baby (The Medical News 1-2). This is relative to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), and other related studies suggests that women will have an overall good rate of pregnancy with fewer visits to their respective obstetricians ( The Medical News 1-2). While the preceding paragraphs may introduce scientific reasoning on why few visits are currently encourage with specialist or obstetricians during pregnancy, Ruth must understand that her case is quite critical because of previous pregnancy mishaps in the form of miscarriages, ectopic pregnancy and having a stillborn. An initial assessment of her case or situation can somehow be enlightened by visiting her obstetrician who will inquire about her previous pregnancies, previous major surgery, medical condition, immunization and genetic history (Family Health Guide 2007). Tests will also be done on her urine and bloods in the event that she will need blood transfusion during the birthing process and whether she is Rh-positive or negative (Family Health Guide 2007). The obstetrician will also give her instructions during the initial appraisal or evaluation of her pregnancy. Paramount to this will be an advice that in case she experiences abdominal pain, unusual cramps, bleeding, vaginal discharge and a fever of over 38 degrees Celsius (sign of infection) to contact him or her immediate and proceed directly to a hospital emergency room. Because the risk of miscarriage is highest in the first trimester (12 weeks or first 3 months) of pregnancy (Family Health Guide 2007). In her current state, Ruth is described as Gravida (G)5, Para (P)1. This means that has had a total of five pregnancies excluding her current one which resulted to one live birth. Gravida is the sum total number of pregnancies a

Case Studies in Environmental Hazards. Journal Search, Article

Case Studies in Environmental Hazards. Journal Search, Summaries and Annotated Bibliography - Article Example They talk about the dangerous effects of wildfires on a broad range of natural habitats. They indicate that wildfires have been found to be the main cause of flash floods and the flow of debris. They indicate that one of the main causes of the hydrological driven hazards that occur after the wildfires is the decreased rates of infiltration. Besides this reduction in the infiltration rate, it is also caused by the mounting evidence of the fundamental physics of infiltration. This concept is used for further explanation and to provide evidence on the presence of infiltration which enhances the hydraulic effects of wildfires. In this sense, the authors attempt to provide a solution for this in their article. In particular they provide solutions that help to solve the issue of hydrolic effects of wild fires. In this case, the article will be of great insight in this study as it will provide an in depth understanding on the handling and management of post wildfire hydrology caused by the increased rate of wildfires. Notably, the authors have also written on the differences that exist in fire affected soils. For instance, they have indicated that soil surface sealing by either ash or fine sediments contain measurable effects on post wild-fire runoff. They give an explanation by use of diagrams to explain four types of infiltration causing environmental hazard. From the above diagram, Type 1 is the â€Å"standard type† that has exponential decreasing infiltration rate with time. Type 2 is a linear decrease in infiltration rate with time. Type 3 contains an initial high soil-water repellency that at first results in a low infiltration rate but as soil wets, the rate of infiltration raises to maximum and afterwards declines exponentially with time. Type 4 is similar to type 3 only that the infiltration rate levels off eventually to a constant level due to macrospore flow. Karavitisa, A. Christos, Tsesmelis, E. Demetrios, Skondrasa, A. Nikolaos, Stamatakos,

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Management - Essay Example When Perry Ellis acquired Munsingwear and the Penguin brand, it was presented with huge opportunity to exploit the brand in expanding its market as per the changing requirements of the customers. Foraying into new market requires adopting changes and promoting new ideas and values that can identify with the changing times. Thus, Perry Ellis who has acquired Penguin brand, needs to project new culture that that can meet the demands of the younger generation. The various stores and retail outlets that sell the new products with Penguin brand need to become more fashion conscious and state of the art technology to promote their products. Showcasing the history of the products would greatly promote the firms values and project their ideologies that are ready to embrace change. The corporate culture of new original Penguin clearly exhibits openness towards change that was lacking in the old brand. The various aspects of the interactive elements of the organization, which may comprise of diverse ideologies and personal conflicts of the individuals, work together to produce a cohesive output representing the organization’s unique culture. Organizational culture can be broadly defined through shared vision and collective goals of the organization. Hence, culture promotes flexibility of approach and initiative in decision making suit the changing requirements becomes vital part of organizational leadership. Therefore, organizational culture that is ready to adopt the changing values of the times, greatly facilitates brand to incorporate the changing requirements of the people while ensuring the credibility of the brand and quality of the product. Perry Ellis and Munsingwear primarily targeted the younger generation and diversified the product line to suit the changing demands of the demographic segment. They also used aggressive advertising to attract new market through intense media blitz, using celebrity

Possible solutions for tobacco usage in UK Essay

Possible solutions for tobacco usage in UK - Essay Example e tobacco tend to start at a very young age, mostly in their teenage, and these normally begin mainly because of the influence of their friends as well as peer pressure, especially in the school environment. Moreover, it has become the norm for these individuals to continue smoking for the rest of their lives since once they pick up the habit from such a young age; it is often very hard for them to stop. The result is that a large chunk of the population of the UK are tobacco users and this has created a situation where despite the best efforts that the government has taken, it has become difficult to control the use of this substance. Some of the largest tobacco companies are based in the UK and because it is a lucrative market for their products, these companies have worked hard to ensure that those laws that are not in favour of the reduction and at times abolishment of tobacco usage are not passed. These companies have powerful lobbies, which work hard to ensure that only laws which are in their favor are passed as a means of retaining their dominance over the UK market (Neuman, Bitton & Glantz, 2002). Therefore, it has become imperative for the government of the UK to take direct and effective measures which are meant to promote a reduction of tobacco usage within the country so that the population can stay free of the medical complications that are related to tobacco usage (Jha & Peto, 2014). Among the biggest steps that the UK government can take to curb the power of tobacco companies is to ensure that legislation that reduces the consumption of tobacco products is introduced and strictly implemented becaus e to do otherwise would mean that the health of the public would be at risk. In addition, the government should require that it make requirements where tobacco companies in the UK have to label their products as being dangerous to the health of those who use them ("Adding harm reduction to tobacco control", 2007). Moreover, the government should take an

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

Summary - Essay Example consider different stakeholders involved in tourism industry; government and tourism industry have a strong influence of content of education in tourism. Tourism higher education is strongly connected to tourism industry, which consists of small private business units. Currently, most of them employ unskilled or low-skilled workers because of the lack of educated staff initialling the need in tourism higher education. At the same time, reviewing different studies, Ayikoru, Tribe & Airey (2009) that as a young field of research and educational program, tourism higher education faces several issues. In many cases a degree in tourism is not required by most employers because they do not think it is necessary. Finally, employers do not rush to hire graduates who have those degrees. All these issues in tourism higher education undergo changes under ideological influences which come from their environment. Previously researchers focused on the development of tourism higher education by their trials to integrate different approaches to content of education and curriculum design. They applied marketing approach to tourism curricula and designed appropriate four year program. They advocated that it was necessary to engage tourism professionals to education in order to tie those curricula to life. Overall, all precious studies in tourism education manifested this sphere as a branch of business. At the same time, ideology in context of tourism higher education was not studies in detail. Ayikoru, Tribe & Airey (2009) fill this gap by their extensive research explaining what influences the aims and their representation in this sphere of education. Government, which is the main representative of ideology in any country, has a direct influence on education. Government creates norms which are applied to different institution including tourism education. These norms render particular values which redefine important elements of education. These ideological implications influence

Metropolitan Steel Corporation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Metropolitan Steel Corporation - Research Paper Example General Manager Administration, Human Resources, Marketing & Production, Mr. Iqbal Jamil Abbasi looks after the Administration, Marketing, Human Resource & Production. He has done his Masters in Management from the Asian Institute of Management, Philippines, and was in management cadre, Pakistan Steel Mills Limited for eight years. Mr. Iqbal Jamil Abbasi was highly cooperative in providing excellent information about Metropolitan Steel. He was extremely cooperative and provided all of the required information. Following is the set of questions, which were asked from Mr. Abbasi during the interview; There is inconsistency prevailing in the political environment due to ever changing policies and unstable political scenario. Every Government comes in with a new set of rules, which are impracticable to implement, therefore creating hassles instead of facilitating the processes. Another drawback is the ever-lessening coordination between different governmental departments with rampant corruption. Even for a fair deal bribe has to be offered. Due to the following reasons economic policies towards industries are not favorable: Pakistan steel used to increase prices at every mini budget, which resulted in low profit margin for MSC leading to subsequent loss. Now, MSC's policy has been amended and product price has been related to the increase in prices of Pakistan Steel billets. Even then frequently increased prices may results in cancellation of the orders there by forcing a loss on both the customer and the manufacturer. When raw materials are imported, they cost half the price than that of Pakistan

Statistical Models for Forecasting milk production Statistics Project

Statistical Models for Forecasting milk production - Statistics Project Example In time series analysis, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is a generalization of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. In theory, the most general class of models for forecasting a time series are stationary and can be made stationary by transformations such as differencing and logging. ARIMA models form an important part of the Box-Jenkins approach to time-series modeling. A non-seasonal ARIMA model is classified as an ARIMA (p, d, q) model, where: p is the number of autoregressive terms, d is the number of non-seasonal differences and q is the number of moving average terms.Estimation At the identification stage one or more models are tentatively chosen that seem to provide statistically adequate representations of the available data. The parameters are estimated by modified least squares or the maximum likelihood techniques appropriate to time series data.Diagnostic For adequacy of the model, the residuals are examined from the fitted model and alternative models are considered. Different models can be obtained for various combinations of AR and MA individually and collectively. The satisfactory model is considered which adequately fits the data.Method selection The best model is obtained on the basis of minimum value of Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) which is given by:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AIC = -2 log L + 2m   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where m = p + q   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   L is the likelihood function p& q are orders of Auto-Regressive and Moving Average models respectively - number of parameters, Akaike (1974)

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

English - Essay Example Even when I was small, I wanted to know how things worked, and I wanted to be the one to fix them. My mother told me that as a small child, other than my fits when I couldn’t get things back together the way they had come to me, that I was helpful and sweet. My greatest joy was sitting on the counter when she would wash the dishes, taking each dish carefully in my little hands and wiping it dry for her. When I was three, she began to give me chores, not because she felt that a three year old needed them, but because my older brother had chores and I felt left out when I wasn’t given a task. It was my job, supervised always, to feed the dogs, to sweep the small porch step out behind the house, and to wipe the keys of the piano that sat in our living room. Every week when I had done my chores, she would give me two coins to put in my little treasure box. I was able to buy my first bike with the coins from that box, or at least, my mother made me believe that I had paid for it. Because of these early years of work and accomplishment, I wanted to work in the world as soon as was possible. When I was seven, I went to my Dad’s friends local electronics store in the town and was fascinated with the variety of wonderful things that I would find there. I begged the manager to give me a job, and he would smile and tell me that I was too young to work for him. This did not dissuade me. I went back to the store frequently, and one day decided that I would help out enough that they would have to give me a job. I would sweep the floor, straighten the shelves, and direct the customers until the manager would finally tell me that I would have to leave. One day, though, he finally relented and allowed me to work for him. I straightened the papers on his desk and he gave me some money for my job. I began going every day after school and the manager would give me a little money at the end of the week. I am pretty sure that it was done

Social media and Business Communication and Advertising Essay

Social media and Business Communication and Advertising - Essay Example This paper illustrates that social media has become a major part of business promotion strategy. The trend in marketing and advertising is moving towards social media. Business marketing and promotion are moving from the traditional media such as television and print media. The social media offers businesses, big and small, a range of advantages that can be useful for the purposes of ensuring that the business benefits the most from its investment is marketing and promotion investments. Social media offers the business a range of services that are useful in business and brand promotion. To begin with, it can be useful as a way to give the customers a personalized communication platform. Businesses can respond to customers’ requests, queries, and communication on a one-on-one basis and this can be very useful in creating customer satisfaction. In this regard, social media offers a way for the business to be able to communicate on a personal level with the customers. However, be ing able to take advantage of the social media platform is not an easy fit for the businesses. Only those businesses that are able to come up with a well-laid social media strategy are able to benefit the most from the social media platform. In this case, businesses must be able to know how to take advantage of the social media to be able to take home the benefits. In fact, businesses that are unable or that refuse to take advantage of the social media end up suffering.

Public Policy - Prescription Drug Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Public Policy - Prescription Drug Abuse - Essay Example There are intense wellbeing dangers in taking physician endorsed pills. This is the reason they are taken just under the forethought of a specialist. Furthermore and still, after all that, they must be nearly observed to evade dependence or different issues (Barnes et al, 2013). Numerous pills appear to be identical. It is to a great degree unsafe to take any pill that you are unverifiable about or was not endorsed for you. Individuals can additionally have distinctive responses to pills because of the contrasts in every individuals body science. A medication that was alright for one man could be exceptionally hazardous, even lethal, for another person. Doctor prescribed medications are alright for the people who really have the medicines for them and nobody else. According to Kraft and Furlong (2013), the rational analysis and decision-making model represents a series of analytical stages that are both comprehensive and evaluative in nature, which seek to identify important aspects and an in-depth understanding of a problem. This technique serves to provide valuable information such as defining what the problem is, identifying who it affects, factors that may have caused or contributed to the problem, highlight goals and objectives desired, examine an array of alternative solutions, individually assess each alternative to clarify its consequences, and ultimately establish which option would have the most probability to resolve the issue. It’s a multi-step approach to the policy process and a concept that follows a logical structure and affords practical application of clear and sensible methods for problem solving. Analysts ultimately seek to provide policymakers with the most pertinent and complete data necessary in order to fully un derstand the nature of an issue, as well as offer the best available options for effective problem solving. Although the sequence of steps and at what stage of the process they are applied may vary as well as

The Concept of Bureaucracy as an Effective System of Organization Essay - 1

The Concept of Bureaucracy as an Effective System of Organization - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that various descriptions and concepts have been developed regarding bureaucracy. From the definition, bureaucracy can be described as a management system intended to handle the affairs of the state and organize the relationship between the state and the citizens. Max Weber, a sociologist, described bureaucracy extensively, and his ideas are more or less acceptable. Some of his works include the Rational Efficient Organization. While political scientists describe bureaucracy as state administration, the economists use the term in describing the non-market organizations. Â  To some extent, most organizations have been bureaucratized. Our mechanistic thinking mode has shaped the basic concepts of what entails a good organization. Such thinking has played a major role in defining how an organization defines its responsibilities and accountability involved. According to theorists, institutions, and organizations, bureaucracy can adversely affe ct strategies regarding the way through which they want to achieve their objectives. However, at times, those organizations and institutions may tend to disagree on how to shape and reshape their interests and goals. From an organizational perspective, institutions and organizations can easily endow the individual actors with interests and goals on condition that some specific features of an organization remain in place. Bureaucracy gives bosses control over their subordinates and subordinates should, in turn, follow the instructions. As a result, subordination and control form the major section of a bureaucratic system to form the organizing principles guiding decisions, directing actions and determining the outcomes. Each employee should follow the instructions given to them by their seniors. Research shows that bureaucratic practices create in peoples’ mind lack of curiosity, making them function only within some limits based on set rules and regulations. The bureaucratic mind will, therefore, being in control, use the authority to control reformation ability of the system. In such a system, no person has the power of initiating any changes or proposing drastic changes that can disrupt prevailing peace and order.

Terry Fox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terry Fox - Essay Example Terrance Stanley Fox was one of the people, whose life was ruined by cancer, thus he knew pretty well what he struggled for. A young man lost his leg in the struggle with the dangerous disease, when he was only nineteen (Nelson, 2003). Since that time he became a cancer activist. In 1980 Terry started his cross-Canada run that was also interrupted by cancer recidivation. After his death Terry Fox Run was created. Running with the artificial leg, Terry became a national hero. The main goal of his Marathon of Hope was to collect money and spend it for cancer research in order to find the way to treat the illness. His plan was to take one dollar from each Canadian citizen and the sum would reach 24 million dollars. He ran every day and by the time he reached Ontario, he was already famous. His run ended near Thunder Bay, when the disease made him stop. A hero died nine months later. Terry Fox was inspired by Dick Traum, the first man who took part in racing without a leg. After reading about Dick’s achievements Terry told his parents that he also was going to take part in marathon. However, he did not tell his parents about his real intentions. Terry was irritated by the fact that cancer research is not financed properly. He decided to help find the way to treat the disease and almost realized his plan. ... There were faces with the brave smiles, and the ones who had given up smiling. There were feelings of hopeful denial, and the feelings of despair. My quest would not be a selfish one. I could not leave knowing these faces and feelings would still exist, even though I would be set free from mine. Somewhere the hurting must stop....and I was determined to take myself to the limit for this cause†(cited in Cosentino, 1990). Notwithstanding that Terry was disabled, he believed in his own forces and did not want people to be sorry of him. Unfortunately, not all of his friends and relatives supported him, his mother did not want him to run. Then she was sorry of that, she recollects his words: "He said, 'I thought you'd be one of the first persons to believe in me.' And I wasn't. I was the first person who let him down" (cited in MacQueen, 2010). Terry was not sure that his running will help cure cancer, but he still hoped so. When he applied to Canadian Cancer Society asking for fund ing his project, he wrote: â€Å"we need your help. The people in cancer clinics all over the world need people who believe in miracles. I am not a dreamer, and I am not saying that this will initiate any kind of definitive answer or cure to cancer. I believe in miracles. I have to† (cited in Cosentino, 1990). Though the mission of Terry Fox remained unfinished, others continue reaching his goal. We should hope that one day cancer will be successfully treated and many lives will be saved. People like Terry Fox are heroes and they should be remembered for what they did for others. Fox ran without leg in order to save the lives and health of other people. He did not listen to those, who did not believe in him, and did everything to reach his goal. His self-assurance and astonishing

The Fight Over the Redwoods Essay Example for Free

The Fight Over the Redwoods Essay Pacific Lumber Company, founded in 1869, oversees the careful maintenance and logging of the world’s most productive timberland. Pacific Lumber holds the last private forest of old-growth Redwood. In addition to it’s unique hardwood, the Redwood forest hosts an ecosystem supporting virgin ground never logged, and the endangered Marbled Murrelet. After being purchased in 1985 by the Maxxam firm and it’s owner Mr. Hurwitz, Pacific Lumber tripled logging volume and looked to log the previously privately protected Redwood forest. Due to the use of junk-bonds for financial backing, Maxxam Inc.   needed to dramatically increase revenue streams to make interest payments which resulted in the reprioritization of business values. The health of the environment became second to the survival of Pacific Lumber. Poor business ethics led the timber company from a once highly profitable firm conscious of both the environment and long-term business stability, to one focused on short-term profitability without valuing the long term impacts of environmental change. The Fight Over The Redwoods Background Pacific Lumber Company, founded in 1869, owned 220,000 acres of some of the world’s most productive timberland. The family-run company incorporated the very best standards for environmental impact and business management. Through selective tree cutting and management of business structure, the Pacific Lumber Company maintained the worlds rarest old growth redwood forest. Due to deforestation through the end of the 1970’s, Pacific Lumber Company held the last Redwood resource thereby indirectly monopolizing the hardwood market. The company was debt free, treated their employees well, and managed a significant inventory to support their sustainment operations.  (Shaw, 2014) In 1985, Maxxam Incorporated acquired Pacific Lumber for 900 million dollars. Through the use of junk-bond financing to purchase the company, Maxxam Inc. had to manage significant interest payments on their loan. To manage high interest, Maxxam increased wood cutting that would eventually lead to the deforestation of previously protected land. 16 different lawsuits filed by environmental organizations brought Pacific Lumber operations to a halt with foresting operations in specific areas of their land. The legal reasoning was the protection of endangered species, and long-term impact to virgin ecosystems that existed nowhere else in the world. (Shaw, 2014) In 1999, Senator Diane Feinstein and Deputy Interior Secretary John Garamendi signed an agreement. The agreement brokered out land to the government through a 480 million dollar purchase, and banned logging in certain areas for fifty years in an effort to protect endangered species. The agreement also established an enforceable habitat protection plan to oversee Pacific Lumber operations for the foreseeable future. Pacific Lumber considered the deal to be a true testament that increased regulations by federal government stymied business profitability. Pacific Lumber ended up declaring bankruptcy in 2008. The lumber company was acquired by a well known firm that had ties to the timber community, held environmental considerations high, and worked well with politics involved. (Shaw, 2014) Case Analysis Question 1: Ancient forests, to include those of Redwood trees, have a value that is greater than just the face value of the lumber planned for logging. Considerations for a corporation’s growth and profitability is important. Employees depend on paychecks, healthcare, pensions, and other supporting programs such as scholarships and donations to the community. These benefits however, will never outweigh the value of untouched forest that supports threatened species. Addressing Redwood deforestation only encompasses a small portion of global concern. Ecosystems rely on one another to survive and operate in the environment they are found. Removing the Redwood hardwood forest would be the precipice for large scale ecological failure. An employee for Pacific Lumber may need a paycheck to maintain an adequate standards of living, but first needs a place to survive. If the ecosystem supporting our way of life collapses, so does our way of life. Question 2: Although land ownership is an individual right, what takes place on that land is still a concern for governing agencies. In this case, the impact to ecosystems covers an area greater than just the area owned by one individual or firm. Controlling the impacts of the landowners operation mitigates the impact to other landowners in the area. Owning land still requires a reasonable person to behave in a manner consistent with the law of the land. In this analysis, a gentlemen named Hurwitz backed Maxxam Inc. to purchase Pacific Lumber. Hungry for profits, he altered Pacific Lumber’s focus to the short term profitability of the firm, instead of long term sustainment of the business. Poor business practices put Maxxam Inc. in a position requiring a fixed amount of income to pay loan interest and fees. Hurwitz never assessed whether or not he could sustain payment with current operations and was forced to increase operations to make profitability still viable. (The Terrestrial Environment, 1998) Question 3: Mainstream environmentalists were correct to stop Pacific Lumber from ravaging it’s timberland. Prior business practices provided ecosystem shelter for endangered species and protected virgin forest from being logged. Changes to federal regulations and societal values required that these areas be protected despite ownership change. Behavior by radicalized environmentalists is often unacceptable because it results in damage to business property and potential injury to employees. They do, however, protect what would otherwise be destroyed with stale politics or businesses circumventing laws through unethical behavior. (Shaw, 2014) Question 4: We as a society have a moral obligation to protect rare environments such as the Redwood forest. Trees do not have inherent rights and must be represented by a governing body or entity with their environmental impact in mind if they are logged. Old growth forest support more than just the production of hardwood, it supports endangered species, fragile ecosystems, and the long term health of the planet. Endangered species cannot be recreated; The death of a species effects of the impact of two or three other species’ ecosystems, resulting in fluctuations throughout the entire food chain. (The Terrestrial Environment, 1998) Question 5: Prior to being bought out, Pacific Lumber operated a very controlled logging operation that matched tree-growth rates. Although this does not necessarily provide increased short term profitability, it does mean long term sustainment with predictability. Shareholders of Pacific Lumber knew they owned a dependable stock that would hold its value for years to come. Lumber produced from logging is a highly volatile market. Predictable operations gave employees stability and ensured the environmental interests of future generations to come. Pacific Lumber is an excellent example of how ethical business practices sustain the environment, or negate the importance of it in the interests of profitability. Question 6: The argument can be made that protecting private land from deforestation is not necessary due to the amount of land already protected by parks and reserves. What cannot be predicted is the impact to endangered species, or the separation and destruction of niche ecosystems that support a larger environmental scale. Taking away localized areas of trees, or ecosystems supported by old growth, will ultimately compound the negative effects of our constantly shrinking native environment. As human growth pushes into these areas, the result is an increase of a demand for a stable environment, despite destroying the very thing we need to exist. (Biological Issue, 2014) Question 7: The agreement made between the government and Pacific Lumber did cost the taxpayers more than what would be considered socially acceptable by a reasonable person. The argument equates the value of the land and it’s components to the cost of protecting it. By spending 480 million dollars, the land is federally protected against logging, forever. Endangered species may remain in the same state, but the uncontrolled elimination of their habitat has now been mitigated. The impact of the agreement to Pacific Lumber was the eventual bankruptcy filed in 2008. The resulting reshaping of the firm required layoffs and the decommission of certain assets to created a viable business. Employees lost their jobs, communities felt the impact of business fluctuation, and the local economy suffered. Although difficult, this suffering is short-termed and does not compare to the long term negative effects of deforestation to future generations. (Biological Issue, 2014) Conclusion Pacific Lumber is a perfect example of why ethical business practices must consider the environment along with other federal and state regulations within their operations. Focusing only on short term profitability is not indicative of long term sustainment and stability. Owners of large corporations must ensure that responsible values and core competencies are retained, despite being bought out. Controlling corporate growth helps maintain employee and shareholder interests, while simultaneously ensuring the health and welfare of the environment. References

Morbid place Essay Example for Free

Morbid place Essay Pip thinks that Magwitch looks as though he is eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in. There is a gibbet where a pirate had once been buried in the marshes and Pip looks at Magwitch as if he were the pirate come to life, and come down, and going back to hook himself up again. Dickens makes the reader wonder if that is how Magwitch is going to meet his end. The descriptions from Pip are very eloquent and show us that he has a wonderful imagination. In Dickenss time, criminals (and a person could be called this just for stealing a loaf of bread for his/her family, or committing some sort of petty crime) were thrown into prison or put in hulks. Hulks were old naval ships that had been converted into prisons; the convicts were shackled so that there was less chance of escaping. If a person escaped from a hulk s/he was transported to Australian on a ship that had atrocious living conditions, many people dies from disease or malnutrition before they arrive din Australia. People were thrown into the debtors prison when they got into any debt, even if they only owed a little bit of money. The person in debt was imprisoned indefinitely until the person who they owed the money was satisfied. Many debtors died in these prisons because of the terrible living conditions. This is extremely different to how it is now, and so the modern reader doesnt understand the situation. Today almost everyone is in some sort of debt; mortgages, loans, overdrafts, and yet no one is thrown into prison for it. Magwitch speaks as though hes not very educated. He says wittles when he means victuals, partickler instead of particular and percooliar when he should say peculiar. Dickens uses phonetics to show his dialect and colloquialisms. This makes Magwitch seem not very sophisticated. The younger Pips dialogue shows that he has had some sort of education as its a lot more educated than Magwitchs: If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I shouldnt be sick. But when compared to the older Pips dialogue, we can see that he became more educated: It was a dressing-room and prominent in it was a draped table with a gilded looking-glass. Miss Havisham and Estella seem to speak posh and rather snobby. When they are playing cards Estella says: He calls the knaves Jacks! She obviously thinks that her way of talking is proper. Dickens shows the reader how the different classes spoke in Victorian times; from the poor and uneducated (Magwitch) to the wealthy and refined (Miss Havisham). We dont see much of Estella and Dickens leaves the reader asking questions; who is the young and pretty girl and what is she doing in such a morbid place? But what we do see isnt very nice. Although she is a beautiful girl she is very vindictive. what coarse hands he has. And what thick boots! She makes Pip feel ashamed of himself and doesnt even say his name; she talks as if she is speaking about him to someone else, as if she could never lower her standards enough to talk to such a common thing. She put the mug down and on the stones of the yard, and gave me the bread and meat without looking at me, as insolently as if I were a dog in disgrace. She isnt satisfied until she makes Pip lean against the wall and cry and watched him twist his hair with bitter frustrations. Miss Havisham is unusual because although aged, she is not married. In Dickenss England a woman was expected to get married and then look after her husband and children for the rest of her life. This was necessary because women relied on their fathers, then their husbands. Without a husband how would a woman survive if her father died? Or ran into debt? This is another situation were that the modern reader finds unusual. These days, women have equal rights and do not need to get married. Dickens makes us feel some kind of consideration for Miss Havisham during our first meeting with her: The bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress, and like the flowers She seems like an injured soul and we comprehend why when she says her heart is broken! The reader wonders how come Miss Havisham is in her unmarried state and this makes us feel sorry for her. She lives in the dark, keeping all the light out as if she cant bear to face the world. Then the readers attitude towards her changes when we realise that Miss Havisham just wants Pip for a plaything and we begin to feel less kind towards her. When she goes as far as telling Estella to beggar him and break his heart we definitely we definitely start to dislike her. The reader doesnt feel that Pip is safe with her. The differences between the happenings now and in Great Expectations make the modern reader surprised and mystified, but still able to relate to Pips story. Great Expectations is can still be related to today because at some point, everyone goes through the struggles that Pip must battle. It shows that assets and wealth do not change who people are inside, and that finding ones self can be a long tedious process until finally everything becomes clear. Dickens wrote Great Expectations as a way for him to introduce himself into his writing; many aspects of his life can be found in the book, making it very autobiographical. It was also a way of making his feelings known about the social issues in England in his time. He tells the reader not to judge people, as appearances are very deceptive. The moral of the story seems to be that no matter how you change your outward appearance and how much you educate yourself, you cant change who you really are.

Factors Affecting Blood Glucose Levels

Factors Affecting Blood Glucose Levels This essay discusses the factors affecting the blood glucose levels to fluctuate, the natural mechanism of the body to control it, the inability of the body to control it and the disease it causes. The Human body is perfection in its own way. The controlled balance of factors keeping the internal environment of the body constant is a vital process that keeps one healthy. Any slight changes in these factors disrupt the internal environment causing disequilibrium. This maintenance of internal environment of the body between limits is called homeostasis and the parameters being controlled include: body temperature, blood pH, carbon dioxide concentration, blood glucose concentration and water balance. When the control of the blood glucose level does not work effectively the concentration can fall or rise beyond normal limits. This condition is called diabetes mellitus or simply diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes mellitus was first identified as a disease associated with sweet urine, and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning that although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime. Blood glucose level is controlled by a hormone (insulin) produced by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the endocrine gland pancreas. After a heavy carbohydrate enriched meal the blood rise exponentially and thus have to be brought down within the normal limits. The high concentration is detected by receptors which then activate the beta cells in the pancreas to produce insulin which converts glucose into a polysaccharide form glucagon and store it in the liver thus removing glucose from the blood. The history of diabetes indicates that it was present as early as the First Century B.C. when it received its name from a Greek physician, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, after the word dia-bainein which means to siphon. This was related to the patients passing excessive amounts of urine. Several centuries after that in 1921 Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin as a diabetes medication and won a Nobel Prize for their discovery. Insulin is the hormone that controls that lowers the blood glucose concentration and its deficiency or insensitivity by target cells causes diabetes. Later after a few years of discovering insulin in 1936 Sir Harold Percival Himsworth distinguished diabetes type 1 and 2. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes: also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is caused by the destruction of insulin beta cells. The onset of this type is usually during childhood (hence the name juvenile diabetes) and as the beta cells produce insufficient insulin, insulin injections are used to control the glucose levels (hence the name insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Diet cannot control this type of diabetes as it does not increase or decrease the amount of insulin produced by the beta cells. The classical symptoms of type 1 diabetics are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue and weight loss in spite of increased appetite. These symptoms may be explained by the fact that due to the uncontrolled high levels of glucose the osmotic pressure of the blood changes owing to the increased solute concentration (glucose) in the blood and the body gets rid of all the extra glucose from the body through the urine as it cannot st ore it efficiently. Eventually this leads to the other symptoms. High amounts of glucose in the urine can cause increased urine output and lead to dehydration. Dehydration thus causes increased thirst and water consumption. Apart from these acute effects of high blood glucose level other chronic effects of diabetes include eye complications, kidney damage and nerve damage. Moreover Diabetes accelerates hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) of the larger blood vessels, leading to coronary heart disease (angina or heart attack), strokes, and pain in the lower extremities because of lack of blood supply (claudication). So far the researchers have concluded that a combination of genetic susceptibility, diabetogenic trigger and exposure to a driving antigen are the leading causes of inducing the Type 1 diabetes however other risk factors have also been identified. These include: environmental factors, triggering beta cells damage due to a virus, diet and other chemicals and drugs. Type 2 Diabetes: also known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is far more common than type 1 as it is the most common and frequent type of diabetes. It usually occurs in late stages of life, but younger youth are being diagnosed with this disease more frequently. The pancreas organ produces less insulin to keep blood sugar levels in the normal range, often because the target cells are no more sensitive to the insulin. Similar to the symptoms of type 1 diabetes, type 2 symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, fatigue, increased appetite and in some cases, blurred vision. Insulin injections are not usually needed to control this type of diabetes (hence the name non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and more stress is laid on controlling the patients diet by limiting it to low carbohydrate foods, exercising and if the condition worsens medication is often prescribed. Similar to type 1, genetics (family history) is thought to be a leading cause in inducing Type 2 diabetes in combination with a few other risk factors such as lifestyle, eating habits, age over 45 years, gestational diabetes giving birth to a baby who weighs more than 9 pounds, heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, obesity, not getting enough exercise, polycystic ovary disease (in women), previous impaired glucose tolerance and some ethnic groups (particularly African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic Americans). Gestational diabetes: is when high blood sugar levels develop at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have any form of diabetes. Women who have gestational diabetes are at a much higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the future. The risk factors of this kind of diabetes are similar to the risk factors of type 2 diabetes as gestational diabetes lead to type 2 diabetes. In general, no cure has been found for diabetes. Treatment for diabetes can involve various medicines, a balanced diet, and frequent exercise to control blood glucose levels and minimize symptoms with a long term aim to prevent the chronic complications of diabetes and to prolong patients life and reduce symptoms. Apart from achieving this through the use of insulin injections, diet control and exercise, blood pressure and cholesterol levels control, careful control of blood glucose levels and an educational background and awareness about diabetes play a vital role in treating and diagnosing diabetes. Testing for diabetes is easy and very handy nowadays. Testing of the urine may be used to look for glucose and ketones from the breakdown of fat. However, a urine test alone does not diagnose one with diabetes. This is because the presence of glucose in not necessarily due to the patient being a diabetic and could have been caused by the damage of the basement membrane in the kidney or the malfunction of the kidney. For diabetes diagnosis the following blood tests may be Fasting blood glucose level diabetes is diagnosed if higher than 126 mg/dL on two occasions Hemoglobin A1c test Normal: Less than 5.7% Pre-diabetes: Between 5.7% 6.4% Diabetes: 6.5% or higher Oral sugar tolerance test diabetes is diagnosed if sugar level is higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 hours. This test is also used more for type 2 diabetes. Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level diabetes is suspected if higher than 200 mg/dL Diabetes is a leading disease in many parts of the world causing innumerable deaths each year. Statistics show that diabetes affects 25.8 million people of all ages 8.3 percent of the U.S. population out of which only 18.8 million people are diagnosed while the rest remain oblivious to their medical condition. The severity of this disease goes unnoticed or unacknowledged by several people who label this disease as sugar and confine it to being related and associated with the intake of sweet things only. Very few know that diabetes is a major cause of heart disease and stroke and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. However, over the years diabetes has emerged as one the leading health threats in third world countries and so a lot of research is being concentrated on curing, managing and preventing this disease. Curing the diseases has positively motivated several scientists to further their stem cell research and using the stem cells of the diabetic patient create a healthy fully developed and functioning pancreas or even healthy Islets of Langerhans that produce insulin. This will not only cure type I diabetes but also eliminate post operation complications like tissue rejection and immune suppressant drug dependence etc. Similarly, gene therapy is also being used to switch on certain genes on the chromosomes that would trigger insulin production. Medicines have been introduced and drugs to increase target cell sensitivity are continuously being invented but they mainly revolve around monitoring the disease not curing it. Portable blood glucose meter, insulin pumps etc are all new inventions aimed at helping diabetics control and follow their blood glucose level thus making their life a lot easier. Lastly as mentioned before, as yet there is no cure for diabetes but as the saying goes prevention before cure, educating the population about the risk factors and dangers of diabetics is at the moment the nest way to prevent the number of people suffering from diabetes and so awareness should be spread. [word count: 1603]